Tuesday, December 24, 2019
Democracy And The Australian Political System Essay
Democracy is produced in the Australian political system to created a fair society, however it is ironically produced by non-democratic and democratic instruments. The extent to which the Australian political system produces a democratic and fair society is dependent upon instruments such as the Constitution, Bicameral parliament, Separation of powers, Representative government, Responsible government and the ethic and values during a particular time. An instrument in the Australian political system that produces a fair and democratic society is the Federal Constitution 1901 because it outlines the powers and constraints of the Australian political/legal system. The constitution creates a democratic and fair society because as Judge Murphy describes, it allows â€Å"an equal share of power†, this is evident through the division/separation of powers. Moreover, Gordon Reid and Martyn Forrest support Murphy’s claims regarding the constitution producing a fair society because it ‘uphold[s] the highest ideals of political representation’. The constitution protected rights regarding democracy in s 41,7 and 24, thus producing a democratic/fair society. However, in regards to values and ethics the constitution had failed to produce a democratic and fair society in the past, because suffrage was only granted to non-aboriginal men. This was due to the values and ethic of the time period, in which it was thought t hat aboriginals were not ‘citizens’ and women not qualified to vote.Show MoreRelatedAustralia s Parliamentary Democracy And If It Is Effective1287 Words  | 6 Pagesquite the complex governmental system. Australia is known as a federation, a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy all in one. As a result, Australia has a queen, who resides in the United Kingdom, but is represented by a Governor-General in Australia. Following, a Prime Minister governs the country. In addition, there is a two-chamber Commonwealth Parliament that makes the laws. This diverse government is often referred to as the Westminster System. The goal of this paper is to examineRead MoreGoverning Methodologies: The Philosophy of Juche or Self-reliance691 Words  | 3 Pagesor a dictatorship, which one way of governing is the most benevolent yet firm? Comparing countries like Australia and North Korea they seem to be almost identical in terms of their governing philosophy, on t he surface they both seem to exercise democracy yet on a deeper level a different supposition may be extracted. In august 1945 Korea was divided across the 38th parallel dividing the nation into two North and South Korea. In 1948 the workers party of Korea started a communist government in NorthRead MoreAustralias System of Democracy857 Words  | 3 PagesIn reference to the Australia’s system of democracy, the pluralist theory of the state portrays the distribution of political power accurately in comparison to its rival theories, being Marxism and elitism. However, the theory faces certain limitations within the Australian political system. In order to thoroughly answer the question I will firstly start off by stating what the theory of pluralism entails by discussing the pluralist views of power. Secondly, I will highlight the characteristicsRead More10 Ways e-Voting Could Save or Destroy Democracy1000 Words  | 4 PagesDemocracy As applied to the newspaper article: 10 ways e-voting could save or destroy democracy http://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/government-it/10-ways-evoting-could-save-or-destroy-democracy-20140425-zqxni.html First appearing in the Sydney Morning Herald, 25th April Democracy As applied to the newspaper article: 10 ways e-voting could save or destroy democracy Australia, in its relatively short history has always had an emphasis on social, personal and political freedoms – andRead MoreInfluence of Compulsory Voting1626 Words  | 7 Pagescompulsory voting would be against the very foundation of freedom that defines a democratic state. It brings to mind three questions with it, is voting a right or duty, does it change the level of intelligent political participation, and does the compulsion goes against all that is democracy? Voting: Right or Duty? The question of whether voting should be a right or duty is a question that is integral to answering whether voting should be mandatory. To make voting mandatory would take away the freelyRead MoreAustralia s Constitutional Democracy And The Federal System1750 Words  | 7 PagesThroughout this essay, a comparison of both Australia’s constitutional democracy and the federal republic system in the United States will take place. Australia and the United States are both a part of the federal system. Within the federal system, the national and state governments divide the power in order to govern (Parliamentary Education Office, 2016). Both Australia and the United States have two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Parliament Education office, (2016) statesRead MoreThe Importance Of Voting For A Candidate For Office1667 Words  | 7 Pageshowever, local and community elections can be just as poignant to individual participation in government. Every Austra lian citizen who is aged 18 years or more can vote in a federal election if validly enrolled and not disqualified from voting. Political participation is the basis of democracy and a vital part of the ‘right to vote’. Australia’s constitution has framed the progressive democracy Australia has become, however there is debate on the derivation of this right to vote and on the extent of theRead MoreThe Constitutional And Statutory Bills Of Rights1626 Words  | 7 Pagesidentifies the three main opposing arguments to an Australian bill of rights including that our current democracy is effective, the possibility of lawyers manipulating a bill of rights to their own advantage and finally that it would be antagonistic to the Australian democratic system. The rest of the Professor’s argument is then focussed on rebutting the third criticism, which presents the idea that Australian democracy and the judiciary system will be undermined by granting the judiciary powerRead MorePersuasive Essay On Eureka Stockade750 Words  | 3 Pagesthe licences were first received, the diggers started to resent the government and over time more diggers were opposed to how much they had to pay to receive the licence if they found any gold or not (http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/euerka-stockade). The burnings of the licences were heard loud and clear by the Victorian government who were enraged and sent out a licence check the next day. The impact that the Eureka Stockade had on the diggers was astounding for theRead MoreThe Political System Used Within Australia852 Words  | 4 PagesThe political system used within Australia should be that of an aristocracy. This is superior to that of the democratic society we live. Today I shall be discussing what an aristocracy is and why it is superior to other political systems. Some issues being addressed are the values of equality, despite the classes within an aristocracy and the rights for the upper class or rulers of their society to be just and uphold the idea of society as a whole opposed to that of a democracy where individuals
Monday, December 16, 2019
Ap World History Ch 20 Free Essays
Chapter 20 Study Guide The Muslim Empires The following terms, people, and events are important to your understanding of the chapter. Take notes over the concepts listed below answering the following questions for each concept: Who? (when needed) Where? , What? , Why? , How? , and historical significance. Definitions are not sufficient. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap World History Ch 20 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Definitions alone will earn a daily grade no higher than 50%. OttomansMehmed IIJanissaries VizierSafavid DynastySail al-Din (Saladin) Red HeadsIsma’ilChaldiran Shah Abbas the Greatimamsmullahs IsfahanNadir Khan AfsharMughal Dynasty BaburHumayanAkbar Din-i-IlahiTaj MahalNur Jahan AurangzebJahangirShah Jahan Further notes need to be taken on the Following AP World History Themes and Skills Theme 1: Interaction between humans and the environment: (Population patterns and impacts of disease, Migrations, Patterns of settlement, Technology) Theme 2: Development and interactions of cultures: (Religions, Belief systems, philosophies, ideologies, Science and technology, Arts and architecture) Theme 3: State building, expansion and conflict: (Political structures and forms of governance, Empires, National and nationalism, Revolts and revolutions, Regional, trans-regional, and global structures and organizations) Theme 4: Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems: (Agricultural and pastoral production, Trade and commerce, Labor systems, Industrialization, Capitalism and socialism) Theme 5: Development and transformation of social structures: (Gender roles and relations, Family and kinship, Racial and ethnic constructions, Social and economic classes) Key Questions: Answer the following questions with your best AP effort. 1. What were the similarities and differences of the three Muslim Empires (Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals)? 2. What were the causes of the Ottoman decline in the 17th Century? 3. What weaknesses were common to all of the Muslim Empires? How to cite Ap World History Ch 20, Essay examples
Sunday, December 8, 2019
Space Shifting Electronic Media and Films
Question: Discuss about theSpace Shiftingfor Electronic Media and Films. Answer: Introduction Network Society is an expression that was invented by Stein Braten in 1981which described a society that is governed by improved technology and information systems. Apparently, it relates to the changes that affect the social, political, cultural and political aspects of the society (Smoot et al, 2011). However, there are other sociologists (Manuel Castells) who have come up with other related studies that support Bratens study. Space Shifting Space shifting is whereby an electronic media, films, documents or videos are transferred from one device to another and viewed from there. It enabled these things to be accessed and viewed from a device different from that which they were stored in (Castells, 2011). Therefore, it means that the format of the information or data in question must be changed to be able to suit the required or current digital view option. This shifting has brought so much effects to the society in relation to the social, political and ethical aspects which include: It has made it easier for people from different geographical regions to socialize more especially through the use of internet and mobile phones. This kind of network society can be used by different political groups to convey their messages, challenges and complaints to the government and the authorities (Castells, 2008). These networks are used through the access of the internet by these groups of people who may have the desire to protest. It has led to the disruption of the traditional levels of power. This means that the chances of people losing their ethical values and codes is high. Timeless Time This was realized by Manuel Castells after he discovered how structural changes to the society (economy and culture) had affected the relevancy of space and time. This refers to the management of time and making it suitable for ones work schedule. It means that the activities that one has to do must be within the time period set for them to take place (Castells, 2007). Castells argues that in the modern technology world or age, there have been these challenges that have come up and have affected the working schedules of people. The new technology change has brought a variety of changes into the world that are completely different from the previous. Timeless time does not refer to the actual disappearance of time but the fact that it is being ignored. The changes include: It enables one to be in one place at different times or doing different activities at once. E.g. listening to music and reading an online article or browsing. It also enables different people from different geographical regions to communicate at the same time therefore sharing ideas and opinions on different subjects e.g. through skype. However, there are other scientists who have different arguments about the network society. Sociologist Zygmon Bauman argues that it is idealistic and Utopian while Frank Webster argues that it puts so much emphasis on influence of technology on humans and Nicholas Garnham says that network society is just an extension of industrial capitalism and therefore does not focus on all the staged of industrialization which is wrong. Conclusion Castells argument on network society are valid because he says that it has caused so many changes in the society especially in terms of globalization in general. Therefore, network society if very useful when effecting changes in the society. References Castells, M. (2007). Communication, power and counter-power in the network society.International journal of communication,1(1), 29. Smoot, M. E., Ono, K., Ruscheinski, J., Wang, P. L., Ideker, T. (2011). Cytoscape 2.8: new features for data integration and network visualization.Bioinformatics,27(3), 431-432. Castells, M. (2011).The rise of the network society: The information age: Economy, society, and culture(Vol. 1). John Wiley Sons. Castells, M. (2008). The new public sphere: Global civil society, communication networks, and global governance.The aNNalS of the american academy of Political and Social Science,616(1), 78-93.
Sunday, December 1, 2019
Rising Healthcare Costs Costing Americans Quality Healthcare Essay Example
Rising Healthcare Costs: Costing Americans Quality Healthcare Paper Abstract            America is currently experiencing an economic crisis, and among the cries of the American public is the burden of increasing healthcare costs that have also suffered a marked decreased in quality. Using the current environment as a platform, healthcare industry leaders are proposing policy reforms that focus on ensuring quality healthcare provision in order to reduce the cost of healthcare in America. This is done in the hopes that by solving the issue of unsustainable healthcare costs, these policies can offer a partial solution to the financial problems facing America today. Rising Healthcare Costs: Costing Americans Quality Healthcare Introduction We will write a custom essay sample on Rising Healthcare Costs: Costing Americans Quality Healthcare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rising Healthcare Costs: Costing Americans Quality Healthcare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rising Healthcare Costs: Costing Americans Quality Healthcare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The United States is currently undergoing an economic crisis of scales. Americans are experiencing the burdens imposed by higher oil costs, housing costs, food prices, increased unemployment rates, and the continuing inflation rates. The cost of providing basic needs to an average American family has gone up that families are not feeling the effects of wage hikes. The economic crisis befalling America is so widespread that it affects different facets of American living and one such important facet being affected is in Healthcare – an area Americans highly value. Already on average, American families are spending more on healthcare than they do on basic commodities – a fact that healthcare experts view as alarming. Not only has the cost of living become unreasonable, but it is also unreasonable that a large chunk of this cost is largely due to the cost of healthcare. What concerns healthcare leaders more is that, although healthcare costs are continuously increasing, the quality has not. It is this growing concern that has prompted leaders in the healthcare industry to call for a reform on present health care policies.  If there is any good at all that could be attributed to the economic crisis befalling America today is that the current crisis has cast into light the problem of high healthcare costs and low quality healthcare services. At the same time, the recent economic crisis â€Å"has created a ‘near perfect’ political storm†(Smith, 2008) that offers a window of opportunity for policy reforms, especially now that America is looking for a way to reduce the impact of a sloping economy. After all, the United States tends to gain financially by establishing policies that reinforce quality healthcare as a means towards decreasing healthcare costs thereby lending to a decrease in the overall expenditure average American families make annually. Definition of Terms            To begin the discussion on the costs of quality in healthcare, certain terms must first be defined. In the economics of healthcare, quality has no right or wrong definition for it is a multidimensional concept and is primarily defined by varying perspectives (e.g., of the client, the client’s family, the community or the physician). It should be noted that â€Å"quality†can also have opposing definitions that operates at the same time, for example: a â€Å"provider’s technical accuracy of not giving injections conflicts with a parent’s expectations of a shot as the best available treatment.†Quality however, can still be defined as â€Å"technical accuracy†as a result of compliance with standards or as advocates of total quality management defines: â€Å"Doing the right thing, right, right way†(Cost and Quality in Healthcare Reference Manual, 2001, p.1).            The dimensions of quality in health care include the following: technical performance, effectiveness of care, efficiency of service delivery, safety, access to services, interpersonal relations, continuity of services, physical infrastructure and comfort and lastly, choice.            Quality Assurance (QA) is then defined as any act that measures and improves upon standards of quality. Samples of such activities include medical supervision, medical bookkeeping, staff training, and patient education. It is composed of three levels: the tool, the approach and the program. QAs are mainly aimed at looking for problems in the â€Å"system and processes, not bad performers†(Cost and Quality in Healthcare Reference Manual, 2001 p.1).            Cost, similar to quality, also has varying definitions. Its definition is usually tied with the varying perspectives and as to who incurs the cost (Cost and Quality in Healthcare Reference Manual, 2001). Cost can be defined through any of the following economic jargons described as follows.            Financial cost – incurred expenses at a given time for the provision of a product, service or input (Cost and Quality in Healthcare Reference Manual, 2001). Opportunity cost – benefits forgone in the provision of alternate products or services (Cost and Quality in Healthcare Reference Manual, 2001).            Accounting cost – a cost not actually incurred but is used to reflect the real value of a product or service (Cost and Quality in Healthcare Reference Manual, 2001).            â€Å"Shadow†prices – costs of goods and services â€Å"whose true value is not the same a s listed†(Cost and Quality in Healthcare Reference Manual, 2001, p.6).            In healthcare quality assurance, some of the costs that have the most value are the ones that are â€Å"unknown and unknowable†– costs that are results of poor quality that may not be immediately known or recognizable such as consumer dissatisfaction and health worker frustration (Cost and Quality in Healthcare Reference Manual, 2001, p.7). The three major categories of cost are personnel, capital and renewable resources (Cost and Quality in Healthcare Reference Manual, 2001). Cost of Quality is then defined as the quantified value of resources that were saved or lost in the delivery of (healthcare) services. It is both the â€Å"costs incurred in achieving or maintaining quality standards†and the â€Å"costs resulting from not achieving or maintaining quality standards†(Cost and Quality in Healthcare Reference Manual, 2001, p.9). The cost of quality has â€Å"four major components: prevention costs, appraisal costs, external failure costs and internal failure costs†(Cost and Quality in Healthcare Reference Manual, 2001, p. 9). The former two (prevention and appraisal) are costs associated with attaining and maintaining quality standards, while the latter two are the costs incurred from being unable to maintain or attain quality standards. Therefore, the relationship between cost and quality, as theorized by Ishikawa, is that of an inverse relationshipâ€â€higher levels of quality lead to lower costs. The theory is based under the assumption that as quality increases, system wastes are reduced and productivity increases and â€Å"improved productivity implies that a product or a service can be produced at the lowest cost possible†(Cost and Quality in Healthcare Reference Manual, 2001 p.12). However, the facts imply that the relationship is more dynamic than what Ishikawa’s theory implies. The Problem Healthcare costs have always been on the rise. In fact, the continuous inflation of healthcare costs is often the culprit behind the changes that has shaped the healthcare industry during these past decades. Examples of such events were the â€Å"tipping points†that has occurred in the early and late 1980s to the early 1990s. The first tipping point in the healthcare industry happened in the early 1980s where a shift from full indemnity coverage to comprehensive major medical led to the giving-way of â€Å"100% first dollar coverage†to â€Å"$500 [or higher] deductibles†a change that occurred within a period of four years (Halvorson, 2005, n.p.). The second tipping point occurred years later, during the late 1980s and early 1990s when the healthcare industry shifted from completely unmanaged care into a managed care system. Both of these changes transpired as a reaction/adaptation to the rising costs of healthcare and resulted in â€Å"periods of relative pri ce stability at least until the harvest of low-hanging fruit and one time savings ran its course for each new direction†(Halvorson, 2005, n.p.). In the article by Halvorson in 2005 entitled Healthcare Tipping Points: Two Tipping Points, Cost and Quality, Promise to Forever Change the Healthcare Landscape as We Know It, the author warned that the healthcare industry at 2005 was already nearing the next tipping point. He points out that the environment was already ripe for this next tip. As early as 1994, results of economic studies indicate that healthcare has taken up more and more of the gross national product (GNP) and has no signs of stopping (Leibowitz 1994)  a sign that America is increasingly spending on healthcare year after year. In 2001, premiums for family coverage have outpaced wage hikes and inflation rates, rising to 78% compared to the 19% and 17% of the latter two respectively. The same premiums, in the years between 2000 and 2007, have more than doubled together with workers’ out-of-pocket costs in the periods between 2001 and 2007 (Baker, 2008). In 2005, healthcare costs were already in an upwa rd spiral of â€Å"unsustainable double digit increases†(Halvorson, 2005, n.p.). Employers are angry, frustrated and scrambling for â€Å"cost-shift strategies†that offer higher deductibles. Buyers are growing more concerned over increased costs that do not bring along increased quality care (Halvorson, 2005). Various reasons are offered as to how America’s healthcare industry has gotten to where it is now. Reasons for the increased costs include the increased unemployment rates (more than $900 of a family’s premium is used for the treatment of the uninsured), new expensive drugs and technologies, an ageing population, increased unnecessary medical consumption, excessive unnecessary procedures and operations, increased fear of malpractice suits and litigation, and a variety of other excessive costs. As it seems, in the year 2008, these â€Å"low-hanging fruits†produced by these two earlier tips have all been harvested, and healthcare costs have risen yet again much to the American public’s dismay. With all these increases, most everyone intuitively subscribe to the thought that â€Å"the more I pay for something, the better quality it has.†However, in the present healthcare situation, this is in fact quite surprisingly the opposite. In fact the quality of healthcare has even gotten worse. Over 98,000 Americans die annually as a result of medical errors  a trend that has gotten worse and worse as healthcare costs grew higher and higher. An explanation offered for this phenomenon is now that healthcare has been removed from the hands of the buying public (direct consumption) and is instead handled through third party contractors (managed care providers, HMOs, Medicare). The public has since viewed seeking medical care as relatively â€Å"free†and thus has become victim to over consumption. Over consumption leads to unnecessary tests and longer hospital stays that increase the chances for medical errors happening. Another possible cause according to Wennberg (cited in Smith, 2008) is that the current system rewards systems with poor quality. Medicare siphons more funding into such systems in order to provide for more tests and technologies while efficient quality systems receive nothing. This practice also allows for marginally competent and incompetent doctors to hide behind a barrage of test that are sometimes unnecessary. All these practices eventually lead to prolonged hospital stays and unnecessary procedures that puts the consumer directly in harms way while at the same time protects those who endangered the consumer in the first place. To cap it off, Dr. Denis Cortese states that the current system feeds off on the concept â€Å"the sicker the patient is, the more money you get†(cited in Smith, 2008, n.p.) . The Proposed Solution All the various papers and articles that have come out due to the issue of increased healthcare costs and decreased quality care offers numerous methods of solving the problem but all carry one unified message: reboot the system. It seems that Halvorson (2005) was correct when he said that â€Å"changes–in the way health care is delivered and financed–will, I believe, come not gradually, but much more quickly†(n.p.). A mere three years after this statement, America does indeed find itself at a tipping point amidst cries for policy reforms. As Baker (2008) pointed out: â€Å"About one third of all health care spending pays for poor quality [†¦] We can do better – and we can save money at a time when 47 million Americans are uninsured and tens of millions more worry about losing the coverage they have†(p. 3). These policy reforms, in large part, are all appealing for a new approach towards managing the costs of health care and that this approach is best served by enacting policies that will ensure and enhance the quality of healthcare America is receiving. This is largely due to the faith of healthcare leaders on the economic concept that increased quality can reduce costs for this concept has served other industries extremely well, surely, the health care industry cannot be immune to this economic phenomenon. Under this approach, leaders in healthcare suggest handing back the purchasing power to the consumer. No longer shall a third-party payer or the managed-care system decide for the client on what treatments the consumer would avail but instead inform consumers about their options. The idea behind this is that by allowing the consumer to â€Å"shop†for the services he needs effectively allows the patient to avoid excessive costs related to excessive use of medical services and avoid costs associated with the â€Å"paper pushing†administrative aspect of healthcare. This creates an incentive for the patient to use medical care efficiently. It is even proposed that the â€Å"savings†made from this approach can be used in a â€Å"medical savings account†(MSA) (Leibowitz, 1994). In this approach, the employer insures the patient and his beneficiaries with catastrophic plans only and instead allots part of the premiums paid into the MSA which the patient can u se to pay for small, routine medical bills. Any unused funds from the MSA can then be rolled into other accounts after retirement. Economizing medical care will hopefully encourage patients to be wise and efficient in seeking medical care (Leibowitz, 1994). The above approaches would also be supported by a system based on quality assurance. This system will allow for the public reporting of quality measures and the cost/quality data of doctors and hospitals. This will allow for a market that is competing in terms of costs and quality thereby creating a market for consumers that is both low cost and high quality (Lass, 2008). An example of this is approach is a research conducted in Pennsylvania which revealed the hospital cost of acquiring nosocomial infections, a cost amounting $185,260 and 20.6 days of hospital stay. A staggering amount when compared to $31,389 and 4.5 daysâ€â€the average cost for individuals who did not acquire the infection. Having such data available to the healthcare network allows for the systems being employed by various healthcare institutions to be re-engineered. Having such data available to the public allows for the informed choosing of facilities to seek care from. Another example of how quality assurance can aid in decreasing the cost of healthcare is its ability to pinpoint the â€Å"wobbly cogs†of the healthcare system (Halvorson, 2005). For example, having identified that the costs in inconsistent healthcare spending lies in the 1% that actually utilizes the level of care offered by their premiums (30% of the cost) while the upper 5% accounts for 2/3 of the cost then a solution can be found by addressing the issues that make up the percentile. Halvorson (2005) adds that the â€Å"solution lies in identifying the specific chronic and acute conditions that move people into that high cost 5 percent bracket, and then systematically and consistently bringing to bear strategic, targeted, consistent, high-leverage interventions to keep those people from migrating to the high-cost end of the curve.†Conclusion The healthcare industry is currently at its worst shape in the history of America. Healthcare is now increasingly becoming unsustainable and unattainable. The quality of care has eroded and the system is highly fragmented and filled with â€Å"wobbly cogs.†All the literature cited in this paper decry the burden increasing healthcare costs have caused the American public, especially now that America is experiencing an economic recession of sorts. This is specifically why healthcare leaders and other advocate groups are using the current crisis as a platform to launch campaigns for policy reforms involving the healthcare industry, suggesting reforms that values quality assurance as a tool towards cutting the excessive costs associated with current practices in the healthcare industry. The main driving force behind this call is the view that by having policies that guarantee the quality of healthcare services allows for the smoother, more productive functioning of the healthcare system and that in the long run saves the American public dollars that would have been wasted trying to correct costs caused by â€Å"wobly parts.†By establishing policies that value quality healthcare, America gains back opportunity costs that otherwise would have been lost to a broken system thereby gaining financial advantage that may be used as a means towards decreasing the financial burdens American families face annually References Baker, A.H. (2008, June 3). Rising costs, low quality in health care: the necessity for reform. Senate Finance Committee Testimony. Retrieved on December 4, 2008 from http://finance.senate.gov/hearings/testimony/2008test/060308ahbtest.pdf. Cost and Quality in Healthcare Reference Manual. (2001). Quality Assurance Project: Core Training Series. Bethesda, MD: Center for Human Services. Retrieved on December 4, 2008 from http://www.qaproject.org/training/cq/ref.pdf. Halvorson, G.C. (2005). Healthcare tipping points: two tipping points, cost and quality, promise to forever change the healthcare landscape as we know it. Healthcare Financial Management. Retrieved on December 4, 2008 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3257/is_3_59/ai_n13487275/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1. Lass, S. (2008, January 21). Healthcare cost and quality. Computer Architecture, Cache, Health Care, U.S. Economy and Life. Retrieved on December 4, 2008 from http://showcase.netins.net/web/stanlass/healthcare.html. Leibowitz, S. (1994, June 23). Policy analysis: why healthcare costs so much. CATO Institute. Cato Policy Analysis No. 211. Retrieved on December 5, 2008 from http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa211.html. Smith, T. (2008, November 25). Health care leaders decry high costs, low quality care. Minneapolis Daily. Retrieved on December 5, 2008 from http://www.mndaily.com/2008/11/24/health-care-leaders-decry-high-costs-low-quality-care.
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