Homelessness and Rwanda Genocide Act free essay sample

Eric Walters Ian is a multi year old secondary school understudy who is bombing a course so he needs to go to a destitute safe house and put in his administration hours or, more than likely he will fizzle. While going there he is spared from a lot of hooligans by a previous officer (peacekeeper)/(right now destitute) named Jacques. Ian needs to find out about Jacques’ past as a fighter. He discovers that Jacques was a piece of a massacre demonstration in Rwanda where more than 800 000 individuals were butchered. Jacques was one of the numerous who saw, lived and dreaded this demonstration of destruction. Ian doesn’t know particularly about the Rwanda decimation act so for a couple of evenings he keeps awake to look into that frightening crossroads ever. He finds out about the tale of a kid named Jacob and his entire family was killed and how he had is left arm cut off by a cleaver. We will compose a custom paper test on Vagrancy and Rwanda Genocide Act or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Additionally, he discovers that one passing to only a solitary casualty is a disaster however demise to countless casualties is only a measurement. In this book Ian is acknowledging how much agony officers needed to experience and how vagrants aren’t useless however they are worth short of what him. Ian gets taken to the dirtiest and least fortunate pieces of his city to find out about the destitute and furthermore to discover increasingly more about Jacques. In Shattered the creator Eric Walters carries a ton to the plate with some extremely significant issues.

LEACH protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks Research Paper - 1

Filter convention in Wireless Sensor Networks - Research Paper Example Low vitality versatile grouping progressive system (LEACH) is an interchanges convention that has conquered a portion of the confinements of different steering conventions on remote sensor systems. It is predominantly implied for remote sensor systems where an end client expects to remotely screen and control his/her condition. To accomplish this, information acquired from different hubs is sent to a central base station in the sensor systems; which empowers the end client to get to the system. Remote sensor systems have discovered use in the economy generally and consequently the need to deal with the vitality requirements. Restriction, combination, and directing have been the territories of interests particularly in managing the imperatives of vitality in the remote sensor systems. Vitality is determinant in the term and lifetime of the framework. Numerous investigations and progressions have been done to illuminate vitality the executives in different remote sensor hubs. Bunch dir ecting conventions have likewise been improved to build vitality the board in WSNs. It is irrefutable that bunching is one of the most demonstrated methods of dragging out the lifetime of systems for the remote sensor systems which are vitality compelled .The scattering of vitality in systems has been at the Center stage for the powerful working and lifetime of frameworks. Remote dissemination microsensor frameworks empower numerous systems found in the military and open area. The scattering of vitality is along these lines significant in the remote systems since it decides their viability and dependability. The conversation in the underneath paper will investigate five looked into scholastic diaries to break down the proposition proclamation that; the low vitality versatile grouping chain of command convention (LEACH) identifies the issues on the system by transmitting and examining the periodical inquiries from the brought together hub and builds the life expectancy of the sensor hubs by

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Research Methods - Essay Example Twin investigations are especially fit to isolate the ecological and hereditary foundations of a wealth of attributes, for example, knowledge, schizophrenia and liquor reliance (Winerman 2004). In attempting to decide if hereditary qualities assumes a job in knowledge both (IQ) test and MRI Scans. The minds of around ten indistinguishable twins and ten intimate twins could be filtered. Since indistinguishable twins have indistinguishable qualities, tests for relationship should demonstrate near 100% for indistinguishable twins while tests for and intimate twins would show connection closer to half since they are not prone to have indistinguishable qualities. As far as schizophrenia various indistinguishable twins are tried for the sickness. In the event that both indistinguishable twins convey the malady they are concordant. In the event that they don't, at that point they are harsh. The pace of concordance decides if the sickness is inherited Schizophrenia.com (n.d.). As indicated by About.com (n.d.), as far as liquor addiction twin examinations would analyze the rate of liquor addiction of indistinguishable twins with that in congenial twins. In the event that there is any hereditary part in the danger of liquor addiction, at that point indistinguishable twins with indistinguishable qualities are be relied upon to show comparative narratives of either creating liquor abuse or not creating liquor abuse. Intimate twins, then again, who are hereditarily various people, are bound to contrast in their inclinations as it identifies with liquor addiction. Motluk, A (2001). Level of intelligence is Inherited, proposes twin investigation. News Scientist: fifth Nov 2001. Recovered: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1520-intelligence level is-acquired proposes twin-study.html Last got to 31st Mar

Report on Business Level Strategy Free Essays

BUSINESS LEVEL STRATEGY Any given association may contain various organizations. Each working in unmistakable markets and serving various clients. A market is characterized by request conditions and dependent on an organization’s clients and potential clients. We will compose a custom exposition test on Report on Business Level Strategy or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Industry is controlled by gracefully conditions and dependent on creation innovation. Business level technique is a methods for isolating out and detailing a serious procedure at the degree of individual specialty unit. This is in some cases alluded to as a Strategic Business Unit (SBU). A Strategic Business Unit is an unmistakable piece of an association which centers upon a specific market or markets for its items and administrations. The parent organization sets the by and large or corporate technique. The job of the specialty unit is to devise a system which permits it to contend effectively in the commercial center and to add to the corporate procedure. Conventional STRATEGY A manageable upper hand is tied in with performing various exercises or performing comparable exercises in an alternate manners. As it were, the firm should be equipped for delivering an incentive for the client that is perceived as being better than that of its rivals. Michael Porter (1980) created three conventional methodologies to enable an association to beat matches inside an industry, thus effectively position itself against the five powers. These methodologies are alluded to as conventional in light of the fact that they apply to various kinds of associations in various ventures. The first of these three procedures is called Overall Cost Leadership. A cost authority system includes a firm being the most reduced cost maker inside the business. This permits the firm to beat the adversaries inside the business since it can charge lower costs and its most minimal cost base despite everything permits it to win benefit. Essentially, this firm can charge the most minimal cost inside the business which the adversaries basically can't coordinate. In this way, a cost authority system permits the firm to make unrivaled benefits. A Differentiation Strategy depends on delivering items or administrations which are seen by the clients as extraordinary or unique. A separated item has the chance to meet diverse client needs more intently. The thing that matters is the premise on which the clients are set up to follow through on a top notch cost. Obviously, the expense of delivering separation must not exceed the cost being charged. Or on the other hand, put another way, client ought to be set up to follow through on a cost which surpasses the expenses of separation, in this way permitting the association to win unrivaled benefits. The third Strategy is alluded to as a Focus Strategy. A Focus Strategy permits an association to focus on a section of specialty inside a market. The section might be founded on a specific client gathering, land markets, or explicit product offerings. In contrast to by and large cost initiative and separation procedures which are industry-wide, a center system is planned for serving a specific objective market proficiency. Instructions to refer to Report on Business Level Strategy, Essay models

Italian Drama during the Medieval Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Italian Drama during the Medieval Period - Essay Example The medieval show at first appeared as an occurrence of administration on certain unique days and events of the ministerial year in an illustrative way. Until it became solid, medieval show was restricted to the inside dividers of the congregation (Theater History.com). In any case, when it became solid and begun picking up distinction, the medieval show went on for long with strict plan. Nearly all through the whole mainland of Europe, the historical backdrop of the medieval show is pretty much the equivalent. The strict dramatization of England resembles that of France (from which, for sure, it is in some measure determined), similarly as the strict show of Italy resembles that of Spain, albeit neither of these had any calculable effect on the other (Theater History.com). For example, if a supernatural occurrence play is viewed as a similar local treatment is given for life as it is given in a secret. Indeed, even the story development is similarly all encompassing in the two sorts of plays. Notwithstanding these, even the blend of the satire episodes, evident disrespectfulness and furthermore the conditions of the exhibitions are likewise indeed the very same in the two sorts of plays.â€Å"The medieval times had a craving for purposeful anecdote very as incredible as the preference for legend; and after the pious life stories had been determined to the phase as marvel plays, moral story was additionally thrown into exchange, and therefore we have the ethical plays (Tebyan.net).† The profound quality was considered as a medieval harbinger of today’s current novel and can be characterized as an endeavor for the modernization of a lesson though a puzzle is a straightforward performance of easy content. During the medieval period individuals never used to make a qualification between two various types of plays. Individuals in the medieval period were not prepared enough to make a differentiation between the authoritative books and the Apocrypha, or even between the Scriptures and the legends of the holy people (Tebyan.net). Towards the finish of the seventeenth century and during the mid eighteenth century, ad libbed satire which is named as commedia dell' arte declined. Notwithstanding this decrease, the different characters which were spoken to by various kinds of veils and different circumstances of regular comic despite everything had a pace and a spot in front of an audience. The significant explanation behind this decrease in the distinction of the Italian parody was a result of the then promoting yet incredible amusements alongside the new specialty of show (Theater Database). It was an individual name Carlo Goldoni, who brought back life to the then declining parody in Italy. He was conceived in the year 1707 and was a local of the city of Venice. Practically the entirety of his compositions are delineated with enthusiasm which portrays the entirety of the comics who were conceived in Italy with a happy disposition that too in an exceptional and decent way. In spite of the fact that his first endeavor of a drama named Amalasunta was not extremely fruitful, his subsequent endeavor was very effective. Carlo Goldoni is credited with one hundred and sixty comedies. Out of these, twenty works were in writing and the rest were composition. The composition wrote by him was either Venetian vernacular or in

11 Fears Every Entrepreneur Must Overcome

11 Fears Every Entrepreneur Must Overcome When you see some famous entrepreneurs on TV or the internet, you probably think “Wow, their life must be great, they have their own business, and they have it easy in life!”However, that is definitely not the case.Being a successful entrepreneur is one of the toughest “jobs” one may have. It includes a lot of stress because you would have some very hard decisions to make and it is definitely not a profession for everyone.Today we are here to talk about some of the struggles you may have if you are an entrepreneur or if you want to become one.We will discuss what entrepreneurs fear the most, whether they are experienced or new to what it really means to be an entrepreneur.Without any further due, let’s begin!1. FEAR OF CHANGEAs we grow up, we meet new people, learn new things and build our character along the way.So, we can say that living a life is going through a series of constant changes.Sometimes those changes make us feel fear, but eventually, it is something we canno t control and to what we can only adapt and accept it.That’s why we often try to stay in our comfort zone, where we feel safe and where we can act naturally and without having to worry about anything.So, in other words, we prefer peace and quiet. But why is that so bad?Well, the world around us is constantly changing.New inventions, new products and new systems of production change the way not just business is done, but the way we live our lives every day.And in today’s world, the business environment is very dynamic and is changing rapidly.In order for you, as a company, to be successful and even survive in that kind of world, you have to be open to changes and learn to adapt to them.If you try to ignore them, you won’t be able to keep up with your competitors, which could lead your business to an unfortunate end.Innovation and adaptability are keys to success and are an essential part of modern business, so you need to be able to accept that fact and try to make the best of your situation.Learn new ways of production, think of some innovative products or different versions of products and your business will stay alive and it is more likely that it will become a success.2. FEAR OF FAILUREOne of the most common fears, not just in business, but in every-day life as well, is the fear of failure. Fear that makes us either quit too early or just give up on doing something at all.For instance, let’s say that you really like some girl and that you would really want to get out with her.Of course, people will say you have two choices: either to try and ask her out, with some probability of rejection or to give up and move on with your life.As for me, I would say there is only one choice, which is to be a man and ask her out.There is nothing to lose here, except perhaps hurting your pride a bit if you get rejected.This is the way winners think. There is no try, just do or do not.Of course, all of this can also be applied to business. If you are an entrepreneur or you are willing to become one, you have to overcome your fear of failure and act because without trying and making some tough decisions, you cannot hope to build a successful business.What can you do to boost your self-confidence and reduce the fear of failure?Well, one very good solution is to have a backup plan in case you don’t manage to succeed to implement the plan you first had.That way, even if you failed, you would have a different approach to the situation and something else to do, which would help reduce the fear of failure and go through with your plans.3. FEAR OF NOT KNOWING ENOUGHOne of the most important lessons we learn, either at home or in school, is that knowledge is infinite and that no one can know everything, because there is always something new to learn about.That means our search for knowledge never ends and we are always trying to acquire new skills, learn new things and meet new people in order to broaden our views.That’s why it can often happen that we are afraid of doing something, just because we think we don’t know how to do it properly.Sometimes, we actually don’t know things.For instance, if you’re just starting your first job, no one will expect that you know how to do everything that is expected of you since it is your first job after all.In that situation, we may feel a bit afraid of failing to do our tasks and letting down your team, but that is something which shouldn’t bother you too much because you will learn over time.Being an entrepreneur, especially a new one, can feel overwhelming and you may not know everything related to it, so do not be afraid to ask other people about their own experiences and tough situations they had encountered.There are organizations where entrepreneurs can talk to each other and share their experiences in order to help new entrepreneurs start their own journeys.Apart from that, be sure to ask for feedback from your own clients and customers.That way you can what they like and do not like about your business, which would help you improve it.4. FEAR OF THE UNKNOWNAll throughout history, people have been afraid of the unknown.It is a natural human response, a defense mechanism of sorts, which helps us stay inside our comfort zone where we feel safe.For example, in medieval times, medicine was still unfamiliar to the people, but there were some people who knew how to use their environment and herbs with medicinal properties in order to heal others.Those people were often feared and their skills were associated with the devil, due to the very high influence church had during Dark ages.So instead of accepting their help, people were often reluctant to it and healers were often subjected to physical violence and murder.It is similar when it comes to everything else in life, as well as in business.When we meet something unknown to us, we have fears on how it could affect our business and whether it could be a good thing or something that could possibly have a ne gative impact on what we do.One thing that is certain is that which is unknown always lead to some changes and it is up to you to decide whether you want to succumb to that fear and let it consume you and have negative effect on your business, or you will try to face that fear and manage to conquer it in order to adapt to all those changes and potentially improve your business.One good way of doing that is having a really good business plan to follow, so make sure that when you need to create one, think very carefully on how you intend to build a lasting business plan.5. FEAR OF INVESTING IN YOUR BUSINESSOne very funny thought a lot of inexperienced entrepreneurs have is that they can form a business only to reap its benefits, without having to invest in it too much.Let me tell you something, that is simply not possible.If your real intention is to become a successful entrepreneur, you will have to invest everything, your money, your time and your skills in making your dream become reality.Investing your personal savings is always a risk, but it is a necessary risk because without innovation it is not possible for your business to advance and develop further.And that’s why people fear this.That is the case especially if you decide to invest your personal savings, which you had been gathering for a long time.The fear of losing that money intended for “rainy days” is very high in some people and it makes them reluctant and indecisive when it comes to starting a new business or investing in the existing one.That itself is not a good thing, because, in order to survive in today’s dynamic working environment, businesses need to be able to invest in acquiring new things, new equipment, new knowledge or simply new ways of doing the necessary job.Without it, companies cannot hope to be competitive on the market and without the option to be competitive, there is really no chance for them to survive and become market leaders.6. FEAR OF TAKING RISKSome people hav e a high-risk aversion, meaning they are not quite prepared to do something that might be considered rash if that something could potentially hurt them, their business or their reputation.They fear that they could lose everything by making one single mistake.And sometimes, they are right, there is a decision that could cost you everything.But, every darkness needs light, every yin needs yang.Thus, every decision that could potentially have very negative effects could also be very lucrative and greatly improve your business.Sometimes the payoffs can be huge, so it is worth risking.But let’s take into consideration that not every risk is the same.There is a risk that is dangerous and the one that is calculated. We can think of risks gamblers take as a dangerous risk. Why is that, you may ask? How is that risk differently than others, since there is a real possibility to win?Well, gambling is a dangerous risk because, by gambling, you are betting your money based on luck, on somethin g that is not quite proven to be lucrative. You can never know how the slot machines are set up unless you are a math genius, in which case you might as well be kicked out of the casino for “cheating” the system.Calculated risk is a risk where you can plan every step of the way, and move inch by inch towards a set goal.That way, you can carefully examine the chances presented to you and invest in the most lucrative ones.7. FEAR OF BEING A DISAPPOINTMENT IN OTHER PEOPLES EYESAnother very common fear, not just every entrepreneur, but also every person has, is the fear of disappointing people you love or work with.Whether it is your boss or your family members, the feeling is the same and it is awful.Because of that, we often try to please others in an attempt to meet their expectations and not let them down.And sometimes, by doing that, we hurt ourselves and potentially our businesses, which is definitely not a good thing.Being an entrepreneur is kind of like being a Ring-bearer i n the popular movie.It is a heavy burden and you cannot trust anyone, but yourself in order to achieve the goals you had set and improve your business to the point where people can call it a successful business.That said, what you should do, is focus on all those things that are important to you and your business.Of course, sometimes it’s good to take the advice given to you, but you shouldn’t accept each and every one of them just to please other people’s wishes and meet their expectations.That is the only way you will be able to become an independent and successful entrepreneur, by completing your own goals and building your life around things that you feel passionate about, and not by creating something just to please other people.It is how you could conquer your fear of being a disappointment in other people’s eyes.8. FEAR OF BEING IN UNCOMFORTABLE SITUATIONSWe are often being put in uncomfortable situations, both in business and in every-day life. We can almost never kn ow when it will happen, so we are basically diving into it unprepared.That fact could induce fear in each and every one of us. Sometimes that fear can affect us so deeply that we aren’t able to do what is required of us.For example, let’s consider people who are afraid of public speaking.Those people often get very nervous and tend to make mistakes during their speeches, not because they are not professionals in their field, but simply because they succumbed to their fear.However, that can be avoided.All you need to do is prepare yourself a bit, by practicing and even putting yourself outside your comfort zone in order to get used to the feeling of discomfort, because in business, there will be a lot of uncomfortable situations for you to face, so you need to be prepared.It’s no different than doing the things you need to train for first, such as climbing or even skydiving.Before you do both of those things, you have to train and learn how to do that, step by step, by handling some uncomfortable situations as well.Only when you are familiar with being uncomfortable, you will be able to conquer your fears and stay calm in every situation you are about to face, which would look very professional in other people’s eyes.9. FEAR OF NOT BEING RIGHTOne of the key characteristics of successful entrepreneurs is a competitive nature. They simply have to be competitive in order to survive in today’s dynamic business environment.Without it, there would be fewer actions taken and a higher probability of a company going into demise.In that case, people are afraid of making mistakes or not being completely perfect in what they do because they think it would put them under their competition, which could mean they could lose clients and customers.Sometimes they are right, there are serious mistakes that could cost you a lot.But, that doesn’t mean you should stop trying to correct those mistakes.Making mistakes is a way of learning what is good and what is ugly, wha t could work and what will simply not work.Without that, you would just be restraining yourself to not making difficult decisions at all.By doing that, your business would become stagnant and eventually collapse, simply because you were afraid of making mistakes.Making a mistake is better than being stagnant and doing nothing at all. It would teach you what you did wrong and what you could do to make it right the next time you find yourself in a similar situation.So, don’t be too harsh on yourself if you make mistakes, but rather try to learn from it and become better at doing what you want to do.10. FEAR OF NOT BEING GOOD ENOUGHWhether you are an experienced worker or just a beginner, there will always be one question you will ask yourself, which is whether you are good enough for the job or not.No one can know everything and every one of us is good at something, while not being good at something else.What we can do is to constantly learn new things, acquire new skills and improv e on our business and general personalities.Doubting in yourself and your own abilities is a very dangerous fear to have, especially if you are an entrepreneur.Sometimes, even if other people believe in you, you can feel like you are just not good enough for something. This situation even has a professional name, an imposter syndrome.One of the characteristics of this syndrome is that people who have it always tend to try making everything to be perfect, even when it is not possible.That leads to stagnation and delays in business, and sometimes people even reject to take certain action because they think it is not good enough.It is a very harmful thing to do to yourself, so you should learn how to conquer that fear and become the best version of yourself.You should focus on achieving the goals you had set, without having to worry too much about perfectionism.Of course, it is always better to do something the right way, but that right way doesn’t always have to be the perfect way t o do things.11. FEAR OF SAYING NODuring our life and business career, there will be a lot of possible paths to take, a lot of different projects and opportunities to accept.Sometimes, a large number of those may look appealing to us, almost forcing us to accept everything.That could lead to our schedule being too busy we simply cannot handle it anymore, which is a very bad thing. We would become less productive and more tired, with less time to cool off and regain strength.In that regard, some people have a fear of rejecting certain opportunities that present to themselves, because they feel like they could miss something very important in the future.While sometimes it may be the case, it happens more often that accepting every opportunity you get is a waste of time, because you would spend your very valuable time doing some unimportant things, instead of focusing on doing activities that matter.If you are an entrepreneur, you should focus only on things that are relevant to your li ne of work.In order to develop your business and advance further, you need to focus on improving the way you handle your business, which sometimes means rejecting certain opportunities that are not so important for your company.CONCLUSIONHey folks, that was everything we had prepared for you today. We went over some of the most important fears every entrepreneur can encounter.In order for you to become a successful businessman, you will have to overcome all of these fears, which is not an easy task.With that in mind, we decided to help you a bit further by sharing an excellent video made by Patrick Bet-David, in which he talks about how to conquer all these fears and become a successful entrepreneur.

What is Slavery - Free Essay Example

Slavery this is a system that was made to sell or buy people to holding them at the workplace through force in most places without paying, they were also used for sexual purposes and they dont have a choice to do what they want or make any decisions because they were a property of slaveholders. There are different types of slave as Debt Bondage, this means that person who have loan that could not pay become a slave until he work off the loan but its almost impossible to pay off because the amount owed keep growing up over the time and could not be never payed, Contract Slavery means that worked making false contract with employment that not include things that employer wants and after employer become working without pay and could not cancel the contract, Sex Trafficking means slaveholder sell slave for commercial sex act. Slaves was forced to work on farms or factories or any other place where slaveholders forced. Slavery was known even before our era, the first place where it’s started was in Mesopotamia where after the war enemies are captured people and forced them to work.   In America Slaves begin in early 15th century when Spanish explorers bring Africans slaves. Slave in America was important for economy system, because without slaves farms and factories would not have enough people to function properly and slaves was a perfect choose, they could work all day everyday getting cent and if slave die slaveholder will troth them out. Slaves was not allow to do anything until the owner tell them, they would not allow to married even on white person but marriage between slave was exist. Some slaveholders forced to marry because slaveholders believe that man that is married have less motivation to run away. Slave marriage was also good for slaveholders because they could get new slave but if woman did not born child she could be sold, according to Annie L. Burton, man and women that trying to get marry will make a party with slaves, and one marriage ceremony that they have to do is jumping over a stick, but during a year if women did not born children she would get sold. But some slave did not want to get marry because man or woman dont want to see that hires groom or his bride get bite and they can’t do nothing, as Moses Grandy said â€Å"o colored man wishes to live at the house where his wife lives, for he has to endure the continual misery of seeing her flogged and abused without daring to say a word in her defence. Moses Grandy was a slave in Camden County, North Carolina. He has at least eight of his brothers and sisters which was sold by his owner. But however he got married by his owner and one day slaveholder sold his wife and he never saw her again.[Life of a Slave].Religion was an important part of slave system slaveholders try to make their slave to follow religion in most cases it was Christian. They use religion to control slave by saying â€Å"God watching you†, ‘if you work hard in this life you will be in heaven†, slaveholders use this to avoid escapes or any self-will. During the time slave became illegally and all slaves became free people but freedom was not like how slave dreaming, they get their freedom by law but not all white people could accept that. For slaves its was hard to adapt because all their life owners were telling them what to do and now they have to make choosing what to do and where to go. but this was not only one problem like a said not all white people cant accept that slaves are free and white people start to kill them or keep them against will. One of that group was KKK clan that kill black people on purpose and now to find slave in for an interview is hard because of not all of them alive but some people find slaves that can tell their story. We going to take look at two interviews that were taken from the same woman. Those stories were retold by two different person and different time those stories may seem similar but they are different from each other. The first interview was taken by the white lady that was interviewing Susan Hamlin, Hamlin was 104 years old. She tells good things about her slaveholder that he cared about them. The second interview was taken by the black man and she was 101 years old and she was not positive. Does Susan Hamline lie? But it was no point to lie, she could they the world truth about slaves or She was saying only good things to the white woman because she was white? She maybe felt convenient with the back man and tell him more or she forgets not a good things? Hamline was old how we know old people dont remember a lot and may forget something that was happened in the past but scientist Michael Ramscar saying that brain in old people dont work worse than in younger people because old peoples brain has so much information that to get something from there becomes hard. The brain doesnt have unlimited space when you learn something new you may forget something old. Slavery was important history think but more important was people who tell the history without them we would not know a lot about past but it doesn’t meant that you can trust any sources because if you not know where’s that source coming from. Outline New Slavery: A Reference Handbook by Kevin Bales, Second Edition, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004, pp. 55-68. https://www.freetheslaves.net/about-slavery/slavery-in-history/ Annie L. Burton, Memories of Childhoods Slavery Days (1909) https://spartacus-educational.com/USASmarriage.htm Moses Grandy, Life of a Slave , Book(1843) https://spartacus-educational.com/USASgrandy.htm After-the-Fact-The-Art-of-Historical-Detection Sixth edition by James West Davidson, Mark Hamilton Lytle, page 184-188 Michael Ramscar, The Myth of Cognitive Decline: Non-Linear Dynamics ofLifelong Learning, 2013 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tops.12078

How to Talk About Fractions in Chinese

Know that you know your whole numbers in Chinese, you can talk about rational numbers in decimals, fractions, and percents with the addition of a few more vocabulary words. Of course, you can read and write numbers—like 4/3 or 3.75 or 15%—using the universal numerical system in Chinese-speaking regions. However, when it comes to reading those numbers out loud, youll need to know these new Mandarin Chinese terms. Parts of a Whole Fractions can be expressed either as parts of a whole (half, quarter, etc.) or as decimal fractions. In English, parts of a whole are stated as â€Å"XX parts of YY,† with XX being the parts of the whole and YY being the whole. An example of this is saying two parts of three, which also means two-thirds.   However, the phrase construction is the opposite in Chinese. Parts of a whole  are stated as YY 分ä ¹â€¹ XX. The pinyin of 分ä ¹â€¹ is fÄ“n zhÄ «, and is written the same in both traditional and simplified Chinese.  Note that the number representing the whole comes at the beginning of the phrase.   One-half can be stated as either ä ¸â‚¬Ã¥ Å  (yÄ « bà  n)  or using the phrase construction mentioned above:  Ã¤ ºÅ'分ä ¹â€¹Ã¤ ¸â‚¬ (à ¨r fÄ“n zhÄ « yÄ «). There is no Chinese equivalent to the term one-quarter besides  Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ¥Ë†â€ Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¤ ¸â‚¬ (s à ¬ fÄ“n zhÄ « yÄ «). Examples of Parts of a Whole three-quarterssà ¬ fÄ“n zhÄ « sÄ n四分ä ¹â€¹Ã¤ ¸â€°eleven-sixteenthsshà ­ lià ¹ fÄ“n zhÄ « shà ­ yÄ «Ã¥  Ã¥â€¦ ­Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¥  Ã¤ ¸â‚¬ Decimals Fractions can also be stated as decimals. The word for decimal point in Mandarin Chinese is written as é »Å¾ in traditional form and ç‚ ¹ in simplified form. The character is pronounced as diÇŽn.   If a number begins with the decimal point, it can optionally be prefaced with é› ¶ (là ­ng), which means zero. Each digit of the decimal fraction is stated individually just like a whole number. Examples of Decimal Fractions 1.3yÄ « diÇŽn sÄ nä ¸â‚¬Ã© »Å¾Ã¤ ¸â€° (trad)ä ¸â‚¬Ã§â€š ¹Ã¤ ¸â€° (simp)0.5674ling diÇŽn wÇ” lià ¹ qÄ « sà ¬Ã©â€º ¶Ã© »Å¾Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥â€¦ ­Ã¤ ¸Æ'å›› (trad)é› ¶Ã§â€š ¹Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥â€¦ ­Ã¤ ¸Æ'å›› (simp) Percents The same phrase construction used in expressing parts of a whole is also used when talking about percentages. Except for when talking about percents in Chinese, the whole is always 100. Thus, XX% will follow this template: ç™ ¾Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¤ ¹â€¹ (bÇŽi fÄ“n zhÄ «) XX.   Examples of Percents 20%bÇŽi fÄ“n zhÄ « à ¨r shà ­Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¤ ºÅ'Ã¥  5%bÇŽi fÄ“n zhÄ « wÇ”ç™ ¾Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¤ ºâ€

Business Valuation Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2868 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Formerly called Trinity Labs, Torrent pharmaceuticals is one of Indias leading pharmaceutical companies with an annual turnover of about 930 crores worldwide. It is now a fast-growing company after shaking off the sluggishness of past few years. It has recently established a new manufacturing facility in Baddi, Himachal Pradesh both as a means of expanding production and to take advantage of its low-cost production environment by shifting existing production capacity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business Valuation Example For Free" essay for you Create order Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is one of the most renowned companies in the Indian pharmaceutical market. It is considered to be one of the foremost companies in the pharmaceutical company. The Companys major sources of revenue are mainly from manufacturing services and sale of branded-generic drugs in India and unbranded-generics pharmaceutical products abroad. A further classification of these pharmaceutical sales can also be done as, Domestic formulations which basically comprises of branded pharmaceutical formulations sold in the domestic or the local market, Contract manufacturing which is generally comprised of sourcing, producing and supplying insulin formulations to Novo Nordisk (India) Ltd. under their brand name and International operations which encompasses sales outside the country of branded as well as unbranded-generic pharmaceutical formulations to foreign subsidiary companies and third parties. Torrent Pharma has also made significant inroads into the internati onal generic drugs market. Over the last few years, the Company has built up a strategy and infrastructure along with the capabilities focused on tapping this productive opportunity. The production facilities are improved to meet stringent and strict quality assurance standards of the highly regulated and developed countries (like fulfilling or satisfying the USFDA norms); and along with it maintaining the competitive cost advantage. Torrent Research Center (TRC), the research development facility, is upgraded to develop international generic versions of selected molecules in the required time frame and prepare the necessary regulatory dossiers for obtaining timely marketing approval in regulated markets. Company has sought to establish a strong RD outlook in this field by investing over 12% of its net sales in RD. As per the mentioned or discussed strategy, their current international operations are focused on five key or major areas: Brazil Latin America, Russia CIS countrie s, Europe, North America and Rest of the World comprising less regulated countries of Africa and Asia. DIRECTORS REPORT: SIGNIFICANT EVENTS ISSUE OF BONUS SHARES: During the year, equity shares of the Company of face value Rs.10 each were sub-divided into two new equity shares of Rs.5 each and bonus shares were issued on post-split basis in the ratio of one bonus share for every existing share held. Dividend recommendation of Rs.2.50 per equity share on the expanded capital post issuance of bonus shares (50 % on fully paid up face value of Rs.5) (previous year Rs.8 per equity share, 80% on fully paid up face value of Rs.10), amounting to Rs.21.15 crores (previous year Rs. 16.92 crores). The stock-split allowed the Company to unlock the value for shareholders. CAPITAL AND BORROWINGS: During the year, the Company split the face value of its equity shares from Rs. 10 to Rs. 5 and also issued bonus equity shares in the ratio of 1 bonus share for every share on a post-split basis by way of capitalization from Capital Redemption Reserve.The paid up share capital of the Company increased from Rs.21.15 crores to Rs. 42.31 crores as at 31-Mar-06 on account of the same. It allowed company to retain cash to fund the capital expenditure program mainly comprising of formulation manufacturing facility at Baddi, API upgradation and expansion project at Indrad, (both completed during the year), expansion of research development (under execution) and other maintenance capital expenditure were funded mainly from the term loans and internal accruals. NEW PRODUCTS A pharma company has to continuously search for new products to survive in a market that makes old products obsolete very fast. Torrent launched a number of products that protected its market-share by replacing the obsolete products. UPGRADATION OF RESEARCH CENTER Torrent Research Center (TRC), the research development facility, has seen increasing investments mainly to develop generic formulations of drugs going off-patent. Since Torrent doesnt have the scales to fund original molecule research, this is a prudent approach. In a market where a number of blockbuster drugs will go off-patent in near future, it is possible to create value with this strategy. However, decline in capital funding for research as a percentage of sales is a matter of concern. ACQUISITIONS Torrent acquired the German firm Heumann Pharma that has boosted its balance-sheet for overseas operations. It has allowed them to gain foothold in German market. Torrent India Analysis Asset Efficiency The overall efficiency of Torrent India has decreased from 1.27 to 1.14 in 2005-06. This could be attributed to the significant decrease in Working Capital efficiency from 5.20 in 2005 to 3.11 in 2006. This decrease in working capital efficiency is due to an increase in cash and bank balance by 634.3% and sundry debtors by 85.78%, which is indicative of slackening in collection from market. Working Capital Cycle Efficiency of inventory has increased substantially in the year. However company seems to have lost some of its bargaining power with both its suppliers and customers as evident in decreased credit facility available from suppliers and increased credit facility being given to its customers. The change to VAT regime may have led to thinning of pipeline in the first quarter leading to loss of market power but there is no reason for this phenomenon to make impact for the entire year. Cash flow analysis The net short-term debt taken by the company in 2004-2005 was Rs. 2966.81 lakhs, which was completely repaid in 2005-2006. In 2005-2006, however, they have taken a lot of long-term loans. The company took a net long-term debt of Rs. 6283.50 lakhs, which put its total net long-term debt on 31 March 2006 at 24408.50 lakhs. During this period, Torrent Limited has purchased fixed assets that have a long gestations period worth Rs. 11440.64 lakhs. Last annum they had purchased fixed assets worth Rs. 9563.21 lakhs. Their long-term investment in subsidiaries was Rs. 3555.13 in 2005-2006, compared to Rs. 530.10 lakhs last year. This can be explained by their huge investment in their German subsidiary, Torrent Pharma GmBh, for acquisition of Huemann Pharma GmBh, and to meet the working capital requirement of Huemann, post acquisition. The cash and cash equivalents of Torrent have decreased substantially, by Rs. 9429.39 lakhs, compared to a corresponding increase of Rs. 12429.59 lak hs last year. It seems that the entire capacity expansion has been funded by internal accruals and the long term debt has been utilized to retire short-term debt as well as to pay for the acquisition in Germany. Yet, Torrent enjoys a comfortable cash position. Long term solvency The interest coverage ratio has declined sharply to 4.97 from the corresponding figure of 9.76 last year. However, the firm is stable to meet its interest payment needs and this change is due to the increase in long-term loans. The company is in comfortable position in terms of Debt Equity ratio and Debt service coverage ratio. Torrent remains an eminently lend-able company. Profitability Ratios Net profit margin has declined from 11.21% in the previous year to 9.71% in the current year because of the impact of writing off losses on account of closing of a subsidiary, and decline in non-operating income since surplus funds were withdrawn from market instruments for capital expenditure. The summary of reported operating profit margin movement for the year is as under: Operating profit margin for FY 2004-05 15.6% (Loss) / Gain in margin on account of: Raw and packing materials consumed 1.9% Manufacturing cost 1.5% Staff cost 1.0% Increase in stock-in-trade (4.7%) Selling cost 2.4% RD cost 2.1% General and administration cost (2.6%) Operating profit margin for FY 2005-06 17.1% The operating profit margin before tax of the company has increased from 15.55% to 17.11%, but at the same time, ROTA and ROCE of the company has decreased from 14.48% to 12.27% and 19.77% to 19.47% respectively. Though ROTA and ROCE has dec lined, RONW has shown an increase from 15.53 to 17.21. The Du Pont analysis indicates a decrease in assets turnover and leverage impact. The decrease in ROTA, ROCE and Assets turnover ratio could be attributed to the fact that company has been spending heavily in capacity building and acquiring new subsidiaries. Since the returns expected from such expansions is yet to be realized in substantial measure, decline is understandable. Cash/bank balance They wanted to go for capacity expansion. So they sold all their relatively risky investments aggregating 14695.34 lakhs and put them into relatively safer instruments like fixed deposits. This led to an increase in the cash and bank balance by 634.3% and complete knocking-off of outside investments other than those in subsidiaries. Torrent Consolidated Analysis Profitability Operating profit margin before tax has decreased from 13.47 in 2005, to 11.13 in 2006. Similarly, the net profit margin has also decreased from 8.90 in 2005 to 5.25 in 2006. Though net profit margin for Torrent (India) also declined during this period, the operating profit margin has increased from 15.55 to 17.11. The decrease in operating profit margin of Torrent (consolidated) indicates that subsidiaries are making losses. Long term solvency The debt service coverage ratio has significantly decreased from 4.13 to 1.93 during the period 2005-06. For Torrent (India), these figures were 5.3 and 3.15 respectively. This decrease in debt service coverage ratio of Torrent (consolidated) can be attributed to the fact that during 2005-06 the cash flow from operating activities for Torrent (consolidated) increased by 36.38%, whereas its interest paid increased by 190.8%.The high interest paid also has an effect on interest coverage ratio which declined from 8.99 to 2.37. Though the figures are still in the acceptable region, a further decline in cash flow from operating activities and an increase in interest paid will have an adverse effect on the long term solvency position of torrent consolidated. Market Position Since consolidated figures show decline in reserves lying with the Company as compared to figures for India operations, book value declines marginally. The majority shareholding in Torrent is by its promoters, thus there is no significant threat of a takeover. Asset Efficiency (consolidated) One significant difference that can be seen between Torrent India and Torrent Consolidated is that overall efficiency ratio decreased fro Torrent India in 2005-06 whereas it increased for Torrent Consolidated. A possible reason is that sales for torrent consolidated increased by 76.5% whereas its capital employed increased by 63.3%. On the other hand increase in sales for Torrent India was 39.1% and increase in Capital employed was 55.5%. The huge increase in capital employed of torrent India was because of the loans given by torrent India to its foreign subsidiaries. Comparison between Domestic and International operations International operations of Torrent still have a pull down effect on the consolidated performance of the company because they have not yet started generating returns. Most of the subsidiaries are still in the investing phase and have a very low turnover denying efficiency scales to the company currently. However their continued improvement indicates that company should be able to build scales in its international operations too in the near future. Torrents stock performance: Bonus Issue: The bonus issue decision taken by the board of directors was well accepted by the shareholders. The share price jumped from a mere 168 to 192 in a single day. The bonus issue was finally approved on Jan 25th by the company shareholders. Performance vis-Ã  -vis Market Torrent share price has largely mirrored the movement of BSE index, but has shown a sharp jump between November and February on account positive market response to share split. However, in the period after Mar 2006 Torrents performance has declined vis-Ã  -vis the stock exchange. While the BSE index has given returns of close to 50%, the stock has gone up by round about 39%. The beta value of the stock lies close to 0.7657. It indicates a declining enthusiasm for the scrip in the stock market. Shareholding Pattern The company is a very closely held company with close to 74.9% under the promoters. Foreign institutional investors have also shown significant interest in the stock with holding s of nearly 11%. Other financial institutions carry another significant chunk of the shares. This means that very little is in the hands of the retail investors. In comparison, the industry leader, Dr Reddys has only 24% under promoter holding. The FII is slightly higher at 15%. COMPARISON WITH SIMILAR COMPANIES Torrent pharmaceuticals performance with respect to the industry and a few similar companies of the pharmaceuticals sector is presented in the table below. The comparison of Torrent with the some of the pharma is done keeping in mind that the other three companies share almost same business model and are somewhat similar in terms of sales. The sales figure for Glenmark, Alembic and Torrent are 562.94Cr, 525.35 Cr, 691.96Cr respectively in FY2006. Aggregate Alembic Torrent Pharma Cadila Health Glenmark Pharma 2006 2006 2006 2006 Key Ratios Debt-Equity Ratio 0.81 0.64 0.63 0.6 1.06 Long Term Debt-Equity Ratio 0.56 0.31 0.59 0.43 0.88 Current Ratio 1.5 1.2 1.48 1.14 2.74 Turnover Ratios Fixed Assets 1.78 1.31 1.79 1.33 2.49 Inventory Turnover 4.87 5.12 1.92 6.43 5.55 Debtors Turnover 4.45 5.07 8.1 8.9 3.43 Interest Coverage Ratio 4 8.33 4.97 7.94 6.19 PBIDTM (%) 15.31 16.98 15.67 21.22 22.11 PBITM (%) 11.98 12.63 12.46 16.51 19.32 PBDTM (%) 12.32 15.46 14.48 19.14 18.99 ROCE (%) 11.64 17.02 19.47 20.11 19.31 RONW (%) 13.2 23.27 17.11 24.42 25.53 Â Ratios of other companies are sourced from https://www.capitaline.com Torrent seems to be servicing its debt pretty efficiently when seen in light of industry aggregate. The debt-equity and long-term debt-equity ratios for torrent are below the industry average. Torrent, Cadila and Alembic have around 60% debt with respect to their equity whereas Glenmark is above 100%. When seen this in the light of debt servicing (interest coverage ratio) capacity of the firm Torrent and other companies are doing a good job. They are above the industry aggregate of 4. The interest component for Torrent, Cadila, Alembic and Glenmark are approximately 25%, 14.4%, 13.6% and 19.2% respectively of their PAT. The short-term solvency of the Torrent and others is also above the industry average. Torrent is using its fixed assets more efficiently than Alembic and Cadila Health. Torrent, in most of the aspects, matches and at times is well above the industry aggregates of the key performance indicato rs. Torrent has one of the good sales credits to cash conversion among the others in the industry. One key area where Torrent needs to improve upon is Inventory Turnover. When it comes to efficiency in Inventory Torrent is not doing a good job with respect to Industry aggregates. Torrent has been managing its inventory very inefficiently (larger holding periods) even though it has improved on this count in the current year and hence in this aspect it is rated as one among the low in the industry. Du-pont Analysis Du-pont chart for Torrent India operations 2006/2005 RONW=17.21/15.53 Operating margin Asset Turnover Leverage Ratio Equity Ratio 14.7/13.99 1.14/1.27 1.54/1.315 0.63/0.87 There has been an upward swing in the RONW of torrent over the past year assisted mainly due to the improvement in the operating margin and the equity ratio. The operating margin has moved upwards mainly due to the sales push. Even though the costs have increased sales has cushioned the blow. The revival in sales is mainly due to the general growth in the pharma industry after the recovery from the slack caused by the implementation of VAT. Increase in the brand portfolio as well as an increase in the field force also assisted in the growth. The change in the equity ratio has been mainly due to strong performance that has increased shareholder wealth in the Company and pushed debt ratio down even when substantial amounts have been raised as debt from financial institutions. The fixed assets have grown because of the addition of the 2 new plants that have been commissioned which are still to make full impact on sales thus pulling down the overall asset efficiency. The cash in bank balance has seen a major increase due to the conservative investment strategy of torrent. However this hardly is a cause of concern because non-operating are not a major source of income in any case and withdrawing finds from the market have enabled funding for capacity expansion. Future Growth Prospects Torrent Pharmaceuticals is a company with conservative growth outlook because its scales donot allow it to play high-risk high-reward game of original research. In a market dominated by innovative companies, this can be a handicap. However, Indian companies barring the top 2-3 have hardly got the necessary resources for such business model. The old story of growth through branded and unbranded generics that catapulted some Indian companies into big league is likely to continue for a few more years. So, betting on this strategy is not such a bad idea. In recent times, pharmaceutical sector has faced uncertain regulatory environment and increasing pressures on margins. The recent move by the government towards a more comprehensive price control regime is likely to tighten the margins further. Under these circumstances, a brave investor would bet on a conservative strategy that Torrent follows. Torrent will have to find ways of tapping into the research pipeline to make its business m odel reflect current churning in the market. Since its balance sheet is not big enough to allow such strategy, one way out could be to open new revenue streams by hitching itself to research pipeline like contract research for a part of research supply chain. Torrents international strategy is also focused on generics which may have a better future given the thin penetration of healthcare in under-developed markets where Indias low-cost producers have a natural advantage. However, India has already moved to a regime that will lead to continuous thinning of generic pipeline. Its full impact is still a few years away so Torrent still has time to re-orient its business model to reflect market realities.

East Asia History

The Debate Of The Tech Debate - 1789 Words

MP 1.1 Rough Draft The tech debate seems to never have a victor because there seems to be unending points of view and evidence to support both sides. However, what seems to be true of those who support technology and its benefits is they each have something different to say about its positivity. Through Morozov we see the critiques of Carr and how the best way to view technology criticism is to do it in the perspective of the evolution of tech, which gives us a broader understanding. Through Crystal we see the benefits of technology and how it is far from causing a downfall of the english language. Lastly, Genevieve Bell, an anthropologist and current Vice President at Intel discusses how technology is a way to spread stories and give us a background into other people’s lives. Although technology has considerably changed multiple aspects of our society, it is not a detrimental piece of humanity, but rather something that has changed the way humans interact and still further our understanding of each other. By showing the multiple positions of Morozov, Crystal and a new source by Bell we can see that tech’s impact should be viewed through the multiple lenses, one of historical context, one of varying social/human context and one of its sharing of ideas, all of which show the benefits of tech. One of the lenses that gives us the most perspective about the technology debate is a historical one. When looking at the tech debate in a historical context, it seems to be true thatShow MoreRelatedPersonal Data Privacy . Frame Analysis And Advocacy Field1686 Words   |  7 Pagesof data used to increase security or convenience up against the idea that constant collection or surveillance without user permission is, or ought to be illegal. Millions of users and billions of dollars are implicated in the debate. The Pro argument is made by large tech companies, and government agencies like Dept. of Homeland Security. Con arguments are made by consumer protection groups, government agencies like the Federal Trade Commission, and civil rights groups. The bulk collection of dataRead MoreConcealed Guns On Campus : A Major Topic Floating Around Right Now Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesto. The second argument for concealed guns on campus was written by Hilton Collins writing for emergencymgmt.com. He starts off his argument by questioning the Virginia Tech shooting by asking if guns were permitted on campus would the shooting even had even happened. Collins says that mass shootings like the one at Virginia Tech do not happen often, but when they do they are severe. 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Masque of the Red Death Free Essays

While Most are familiar with the gruesome nature of Poe’s classic short story horror yarn â€Å"Masque of the Red Death,† most have a tendency to fixate on the action of the story and the grim proceedings that occur and do not carefully examine the role that nature plays in the short story and how the short story presents a cautionary morality tale warning people that no matter how they try, they can never escape the wrath of the natural world when it decides to wreck havoc. Poe and his contemporary authors of the 19th century presented a recurring theme in their work. This theme centers on the notion that society is inherently corrupt and that finding oneness with nature is a preferred choice. We will write a custom essay sample on Masque of the Red Death or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of course, this does not mean that it was suggested that people abandon their homes in urban areas and head out to live in the forest, but it was a call to look skeptically towards the structure that society provides to them as it is not as flawless as they assume. This is seen in symbolic terms in the â€Å"Masque of the Red Death† and the environment in which the masque actually occurs. In the short story, Prince Prospero and his cronies lock themselves up in Prospero’s mansion so as to hide from the ravages of the Red Death that has destroyed much of the population. In order to entertain themselves and hide their paranoia of death, they turn the event into a grand masque. In a way, this is a strange attempt at distract and distance themselves from the ravages of the world outside. Eventually, Prince Prospero notices a hooded individual who has snuck into Prospero’s home. (He is noticeable in the manner that his masque guise stands greatly out) When confronted, the stranger reveals himself to be the human embodiment of the Red Death and Prospero and his minions are doomed to succumb to the same fate as the common people they had mocked. There is great symbolism in this tale as Prospero represents the privileged upper class and the masque that he promotes within a sequestered location represents the great cities that have seemingly insulated themselves from the ravages of nature. The use of the masques can even hint that the people are hiding their true nature of paranoia and fear of what lies beyond the wall of the castle. The insolence of Prospero and his minions is seen in the following excerpt: But the Prince Prospero was happy and dauntless and sagacious. When his dominions were half depopulated, he summoned to his presence a thousand hale and light-hearted friends from among the knights and dames of his court, and with these retired to the deep seclusion of one of his castellated abbeys. This was an extensive and magnificent structure, the creation of the prince’s own eccentric yet august taste. A strong and lofty wall girdled it in. This wall had gates of iron. The courtiers, having entered, brought furnaces and massy hammers and welded the bolts. In this situation, it appears that Prospero holds a bizarre arrogance that if he re-enforces his castle, then he can keep out the brutality of the Red Death. This is a small scale version of the use of society and urbanized areas to control, curb and detain the natural world. Of course, there are limits to society’s value in this regard as nature wields force that can easily overwhelm any city. The Red Death, while a disease, is a being of natural selection. Pestilence has one primary purpose: to thin the heard when the population of the heard grows to a dangerous extreme. When nature has decided on its course of action, often, it is unidirectional in its approach and next to impossible to deter. And now was acknowledged the presence of the Red Death. He had come like a thief in the night. And one by one dropped the revelers in the blood-bedewed halls of their revel, and died each in the despairing posture of his fall. And the life of the ebony clock went out with that of the last of the gay. And the flames of the tripods expired. And Darkness and Decay and the Red Death held illimitable dominion over all. In other words, nature, taking the form of pestilence, will not be stopped nor will it be denied its primary purpose. To this end, Prospero is doomed as will anyone who believes they can curb or dominate or escape nature. How to cite Masque of the Red Death, Essay examples

Literature Review Cultures and Business

Question: Discuss about the Literature Review for Cultures and Business. Answer: Introduction The objective of this paper is to discuss the literature review for the article, Managing changes in globalizing business: How to manage cross-cultural business partners. In this article, authors have discussed the cultural impact on the business. It has been observed that various large organizations in the western countries like USA have been using the lean manufacturing system developed by Toyota. However, the establishment of this system depends on various internal and external factors of the organization that are determined by the cultural fit (Graen Hui, 1996). This article was published in the year 1996 but the learning of this article still holds true. In fact, with the forces of globalization and Internet, organizations have started to focus on international markets. Therefore, it is important that the organizations must have a clear understanding of the foreign markets and culture (Geringer, 1991). It would enable the organizations to conduct business swiftly in the interna tional markets. This article was published in the journal or organizational change management and in this article, authors argued that the organizations must analyze the external factors are the cultural factors before entering any new market. As a part of initial hypothesis, authors mentioned that a necessary but not sufficient condition for a successful transplant across vastly different cultures, such as from east to west, is the development over time of a third culture which is compatible with both of the original cultures, but transcends them to produce a unique venture culture(Graen Hui, 1996). Analysis Hunkeler, (2000) suggest that the cultural factors are the major driving factors that could define the critical success factors for organizations to operate and to succeed in the new and emerging markets. Authors highlighted that the cultural fit for organization would mean the integration of the financial, environmental and technological criterion to meet societal demands. The consequences of the decisions made will affect the micro and macro-economic environments. The use of standard measurements used by many organizations is often rolled up in the costs of the product. Henkeler, (2000) suggest what customers are willing to pay is a financial risk that organizations must take in order for long term survival in the new markets. In the article, authors mentioned that growth is a critical aspect of the organization when they enter the new markets. Looking at growth in the perspective of providing the needs of the organization, focusing on the roles management place in positively influencing the organization in efforts to provide a stable environment, and growing in a manner that considers placing the organization in a place where they can compete and adapt is an excellent perspective and certainly aids in the organization growing with efficiency. Another aspect of growth would be ensuring that the management of people is efficient in the organization in the new environment. This is know to be the stage in where the organization begins to groom its self for stability and success by placing the right people in the right places to establish and enforce organizational goals and initiatives that have been identified as critical factors of the organizations mission and vision (Phelps, et al., 2007). With this in pl ace the organization will be prepared to grown in all aspects that matter the most. The organization of people is also a very important aspect of growth in the multicultural environment. If a companys resources are mismanaged or inappropriately managed, a company will suffer from to crisis (Porter Steers, 1974). Such crises have plagued large companies such as the example given of Dell where management has become over bureaucratized and departments find themselves being suffocated by red tape. Therefore, large companies have looked to become a hybrid of a big company/ small company hybrid such as Johnston and Johnston who is actually a group of 250 separate companies operating in 57 countries (Daft, 2015). Such other large companies as Lowes have allowed each individual store manager the autonomy to operate as a small, hometown shop (Daft, 2015). Vanguard, another company, requires all managers even their CEO to spend time each month manning the phones and directly talking to customers (Daft, 2015). This intervention helps to eliminate the problem of isolate top ma nagers from not knowing what goes in the trenches. Authors mentioned that monitoring growth is an important aspect of organizational development in multicultural environment and is necessary to understand how effective the organization is. Throughout the organizational life cycle stages leaders must be able to recognize when it is necessary to revitalize the organization and its processes. During the initial stages of entrepreneurship creativity and innovation are at the forefront of the operation because the organization needs to make a path for success. Ironically, older organizations in the formalization stage are also marked by the need to revitalize and spark innovation in order to prevent decline (Hamel Prahalad, 1989). At each stage it is necessary for the organization to assume an entrepreneurial culture to continue to survive and thrive. Entrepreneurial culture is noted as a key outcome and indicator of innovation in an organization. An important extension of monitoring is acting upon what is discovered through monitoring. It is imperative for managers to recognize the signs of crisis in each stage and take action to regain some semblance of control over the outcomes of growth. Understanding the frame of reference of the followers or to whoever the leaders works with is very critical not only in cross-cultural but within different departments of the same organization. In fact, there could be cases when the same organization has different cultures across its departments or the organization could have different cultures across different geographies. For example, the organizational culture of Google Inc. may not be same in the developed countries like Australia and the developing countries like India. Today, the marketing culture is driven by rapport-building practices that attach high values to relationships and these relationships vary across different cultures (Leong Tan, 1993). Conclusion The article is an interesting article to read. In the article, authors mentioned that, change is constant and continuous improvement becomes a requisite to meet the demands of stakeholders and maintain a level of profitability. Many initiatives such as the International standards Organization (ISO), Lean, Quality and environmental initiatives will have an effect on the profitability of an organization (Graen Wakabayashi, 1991). Technology is changing rapidly, and globalization is increasing. This results in rapid changes in most organizations. I can say that I would agree with the authors point of view that organizations must have a clear understanding of the foreign markets and culture. I would also agree that the analysis and the study of the foreign culture and international market would enable the organizations to take effective business decisions. The authors argument holds true, as the organizations method of conducting business would be different in different markets. The approach that Apple takes to sell its I-Phone in American market may not work in the Indian market (Hui Lin, 1996). It is important that this approach should be contextualized with the local markets and external factors. Therefore, the study and analysis of the culture would be an added advantage for the organizations. The system like Lean manufacturing works best for Toyota in Japan, as the management was able to get the support from hard working staff in Japan. The success of these systems in the foreign market like USA would also need the suppo rt from employees and other stakeholders. The authors argument holds true as the study of the international culture and environment would help the decision makers to negotiate better and negotiation is often required when the companies enter into new regions. Therefore, it can be said that the deep understanding of the culture would enable the businesses to conduct business effectively in the foreign and international markets. In my opinion and from my experiences, continual reflections are a necessary element that can provide the lessons learned of the things that worked well and what hasnt worked as expected. From the failures, organizations can change even in closed systems. As we know organizational dynamics are not static and continually evolve. Organizations must adapt to the external environments to stay one step ahead of its competition to gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. References Daft, R. L. (2015). Organization theory and design (12th ed.) Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Graen, G.B. and Wakabayashi, M., 1991. Cross-cultural human resource development for transfer of management technology.International Business and the Management of Change, pp.147-69. Graen, G. and Hui, C., 1996. Managing changes in globalizing business: how to manage cross-cultural business partners.Journal of Organizational Change Management,9(3), pp.62-72. Geringer, J.M., 1991. Strategic determinants of partner selection criteria in international joint ventures.Journal of international business studies,22(1), pp.41-62. Hamel, G., Doz, Y. and Prahalad, C., 1989. Collaborate with your competitors.Harvard business review,67(1), pp.133-139. Hui, C. and Lin, Z., 1996, January. Regulating collective actions: A case of two cultural systems. InResearch Workshop on Global Organizations at Hong Kong University of Science Technology. Hunkeler, D. (2000). Life Cycle Profit Optimization of a Business Opportunity. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 5(1), 59-62. Leong, S.M. and Tan, C.T., 1993. Managing across borders: An empirical test of the Bartlett and Ghoshal [1989] organizational typology.Journal of International Business Studies,24(3), pp.449-464. Phelps, R., Adams, R., Bessant, J. (2007). Life cycles of growing organizations: A review with implications for knowledge and learning. International Journal Of Management Reviews, 9(1), 1-30. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00200.x Porter, L.W., Steers, R.M., Mowday, R.T. and Boulian, P.V., 1974. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians.Journal of applied psychology,59(5), p.603.

Free Siddharthas The River and the Mind/Bod Essay Example For Students

Free Siddharthas: The River and the Mind/Bod Essay y Dichotomy Hesse Siddhartha EssaysThe River and the Mind/Body Dichotomy in Siddhartha In Herman Hesses work Siddhartha, the primary physical symbol of division is the river. One side of the river represents geist, or a realm concerned with the spiritual world. The second side represents natur, the natural world where the flesh is engorged with pleasure and earthly satisfaction. Siddhartha begins on the spiritual side of the river. He is in training to become an excellent Brahmin like his father, much is expected of this intelligent and attractive young man. Yet Siddhartha feels a rumbling in his body and mind. His soul is not satisfied with the answers that he has received about problems in life. He feels the need to live his home in order to find these answers. He is willing to sacrifice security for insecurity and danger. His travels renew and strengthen his spirit. The structure of the story is centered around the apparatus of iterative-durative time, a technique in which the author follows a loose linear chronlogy, with each part covering approximately twenty years, while only about one or two of those years are described in any detail. The effect easily lulls the reader into a perception of the passing time. He first spends time with a roving band of asceitics, forest-dwelling nomads that prefer to live a life of extreme sacrifice and self-denial. Siddhartha masters their art and goals, but shortly decides to move on after only a few years. He is not able to find his quest for salvation and understanding on such a path. Throughout his journey, his friend Govinda stays by his side. He decides to leave the town with him, come with him and practice with the ascetics, and then agrees to leave with him to seek out the Illustrious One, Gotama. Siddhartha does not find the answers to his spiritual queries here either, and decides to move on again. This time Govinda, his shadow, decides to stay and make a niche for himself. Siddhartha strikes out on his own, crossing the center symbol of the river with the help of the boatman Vasudeva. After crossing the river he encounters an Indian woman who encourages him and allows him to kiss her nipple. His experience with the natur world has begun, his experiences of the sense being heightened and readied for a sensual deluge. He remains on the sensual side of the river for twenty years and in that time impregnates his seductive teacher and partner Kamala. Their child will later teach him many lessons. Siddhartha leaves the town he had been living in because he is disgusted with and tired of his lifestyle. He comes to the river and is so destitute that he is about to kill himself in it. Immediately before letting himself plunge to a watery death, he hears a sound emanating from the river. The riverno longer seen as divisive, it gives solidity and meaning to both banks. It combines elements of the spiritual world along with that of the flesh. The infinite and universal Om is emitted from the river and it saves Siddhartha. The now aging Siddhartha makes his life with Govinda the boatman. His life has finally come to the point where he had always been seeking to find himself. He is at the middle of the spiritual and natural world. A true synthesis is the key to his sense of peace. The river and Siddharthas perception of the harsh discordance between the spirit and natural self eventually culminate in realizing the importance of both. His life on the river, his constant journeying from one bank to the other, largely represent this realization and his discovery about life. This work can help teacher any young, idealistic, searching spirit about life and the necessity of synergy in ones philosophical and practical thought about life.

Malaria - Research Paper Essays - Plasmodium, Malaria, Apicomplexa

Malaria - Research Paper Research Paper- Malaria Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that lives both in mosquitoes and humans (9). Malaria lives in tropical and sub-tropical areas such as Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Haiti, India, The Dominican Republic, Africa, Papua New Guinea, and Central and South America (3). Malaria is one of the largest diseases around the world. About one out of every 20 people on earth, almost 300 million people, suffer from malaria yearly. Almost 2 million of those 300 million people die each year. Many new drugs are being tested to prevent malaria but no sure vaccine has been discovered (1). Malaria has terrorized this earth since the mid-Pleistocene age. No one knows just when malaria showed up in the Western Hemisphere however. Many say that malaria roamed the New World before the Europeans came over. Yet others will tell you that the Western Hemisphere had no contact with malaria until the end of the fifteenth century. Many other diseases similar in destruction as malaria were brought over from the old world from Europe and Africa (5). Malaria limited colonization all over the world. West Africa and Northern Australia were major hot spot for malaria attacks during the colonization of those areas. Malaria also resulted in many casualties in wars form Ancient Greece to Vietnam and present (2). The Old World supposedly gave malaria to the New World. However, the New World found the first effective treatment for the disease. In 1632, a piece of bark form a Peruvian Tree was taken to Europe by a Spanish priest. The bark was soon found to be a remedy to the constant fevers. Malaria was extremely active in Ancient Rome and Europe. However, it is proven that the malaria back then was much less destructive than it has been in recent centuries. This is because P. falciparum, the most deadly type of malaria, was not present back in Ancient Europe. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the History of malaria is unknown for quite some time in Ancient Europe. It was not until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that malaria became a problem again in Europe. The Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, Poland and Russia all experienced malaria terror. Ronald Ross was the first man to reveal the development of the malarial parasite in the mosquito (5). The new era of malariology came in the last two decades of the nineteenth century (5). Earlier theories on malaria included an idea by Alphonse Laveran in 1880, who claimed that malaria came form the mud. Malaria was often thought of as coming form bad air as well. No one knew what it cam from, they just new it was present in swamps were there was mud and bad air. However, this new era included the idea that parasites were the root to malaria. This idea is what Ronald Ross had explained. (2). This new era led to the new ideas for malaria control, which took place in the first couple of decades of the twentieth century. Malaria control was strengthened in the 1930's when synthetic antimalarials. They were very useful in the treatment of malaria. In the 1940's DDT was introduced. This was the first pesticide to be used in order to kill mosquitoes (5). This new pesticide led people to believe that with the right malaria control they could wipe out malaria. DDT was extremely successful e specially in India where a DDT spraying program brought malaria cases down by thousands in 1950. Then the mosquitoes became immune to DDT, DDT became expensive, and India had a great big problem all over again. From 1920 to 1950 antibiotics were the most widely used and best treatment for malaria. Since then, no new history has been made. The US Government continues to spend very low income on malaria research and we still have a malaria problem today (2). There are four kinds of malaria that infect humans. P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae are the four diseases humans are endanger of getting. The most severe of them all is P. falciparum. P. falciparum has horrible effects. The effects include fever and chills occurring at irregular intervals. P. vivax is the most common

Simulate a Dice Roll With C Code

Simulate a Dice Roll With C Code This application uses the srand() function to seed the random number generator. The function Random(n) returns an integer in the range of 1 to n. The int array totals holds the total counts for the scores 3 to 18. It then loops 10 million times. This number is defined as a const but if your compiler doesnt support const, uncomment the #define instead. Each dice, d1, d2 and d3 holds the Random() generated dice roll die roll and the element for the combined dice score (in the range 3-18) is incremented. The last part prints out the totals to see that it generates throws in accordance with the probabilities. A 6 sided dice has an average score of 3.5, so three dice should average about 10.5. The totals for 10 and 11 are roughly the same and occur about 12.5% of the time. Here is the output of a typical run. It takes no more than a second. Rolling Ten Million Dice 3 461304 1386085 2772786 4626077 6953818 9720209 115834710 125367111 124926712 115648013 97200514 69287415 46245216 27757517 13914218 46163 // dicerolls.c :#include time.h /* Needed just for srand seed */#include stdlib.h#include stdio.hconst tenmillion 1000000L;/* #define tenmillion 10000000L */void Randomize() {srand( (unsigned)time( NULL ) ) ;}int Random(int Max) {return ( rand() % Max) 1;}int main(int argc, char* argv[]){int i;int totals[19];printf(Rolling Ten Million Dice\n) ;Randomize() ;for (i3;i18;i)totals[ i ]0;for (i0;i tenmillion;i){int d1Random(6) ;int d2Random(6) ;int d3Random(6) ;int totald1d2d3;totals[ total ];}for (i3;i18;i){printf(%i %i\n\r,i,totals[ i ]) ;}return 0;}

Conventional Vs. True Beauty Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Conventional Vs. True Beauty - Movie Review Example This means the thin model wearing the clothes and makeup that the gatekeepers of fashion say are beautiful, displayed on TV and in other forms of mass media. On the other hand, there is the idea of true beauty, which reflects the existence of an absolute set of standards for what is beautiful, separate from what the masses say is beautiful, and separate from the social conventions of any given period in history. True beauty may or may not jive with what the conventional notions of beauty are at any given time, but one understands that there are eternal qualities associated with true beauty, that stand the test of time. This true beauty requires a different kind of vision for sure than what people ordinarily possess in the movie 'American Beauty'. The implicit message in the movie is that the perception of true beauty requires a certain kind of intelligence, and a certain kind of knowing and vision that is also more elevated and removed from the conventional. This paper asserts that a key take from the movie is that , one can say that far from refining and elevating aesthetic sensibilities, conforming with the rules of society deadens rather than sharpens that vision that allows for the glimpse of true beauty. In the end, with Lester dead, and all of the pressures of family and society removed, with Lester free, he is able to find out what beauty really is (IMDb.com; Smith). II. Discussion From Lester's life and the life of his family we see how the film portrays conformism as a dead end that leads to the deadening of life and the sapping away of that vital force that forges relationships and bonds people. Conformism saps away joy and the fun out of life. This seems to be the initial message of the movie. In it too is lost the conception of beauty that makes life at least bearable and worth living. Ricky, young and full of life, seems to be blessed in this regard, that not having to conform, he is free to pursue joy, and to see beauty. On the other end of the sp ectrum are repressed lives. Not everything is as it seems. Angela, the young girl who is outwardly beautiful, in herself is inwardly insecure and unsure of how to go about life. She herself lacks a certain vision and certainty, not having experienced any kind of direct vision of joy or beauty that would have pacified her and put her on a more solid footing. This is evident in the way she ended up wanting to have sex with Lester, even though in the end too it became clear that she did not know what she wanted. She was just a confused kid. Carolyn too had drifted from a more carefree and fun life into the life of a career woman obsessed with mantras of material success, all the while missing out on the happiness and beauty that could be had by simply being in the moment and enjoying the time with her daughter Jane. Jane in her way was also suffering from this joy-deprived and loved-deprived environment, and who wouldn't? Her parents were living dysfunctional lives devoid of the beauty and the joy that comes from being close to something more vital. Having lost that, and themselves, they had no joy nor vision of beauty to impart on their poor daughter. In Col. Fitts' lonely life too, there is that same missing element, and where people are less true to themselves, and are bound by conventions that blind them from a truer and more fulfilling life, what happens is that the people around them suffer. Col. Fitts' wife had to bear the emotional and psychological trauma

MENTORING PROJECT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MENTORING PROJECT - Essay Example The beneficiary allows the European Commission, the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency and the National Agencies to make available and use all data provided in this report for the purposes of managing and evaluating the Youth in Action Programme. All personal data collected for the purpose of this project shall be processed in accordance with Regulation (EC) NÂ ° 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies. Data subjects may, on written request, gain access to their personal data. They should address any questions regarding the processing of their personal data to the Agency (National or Executive) in charge of the management of their application. For projects selected at national level, data subjects may lodge a complaint against the processing of their personal data with the authority in charge of data protection in their country at an y time. For projects selected at European level, complaints may be lodged with the European Data Protection Supervisor at any time. The beneficiary declares having informed the promoters and participants in its project on the provisions and practices regarding data protection applied under the Youth in Action programme Beneficiary Name, stamp (if available): Legal representative Name in capital letters: Place: Signature: Date: Part I. Project identification and summary (cont.) Type of Activity Please tick the box corresponding to the project for which you are submitting this final report. This project was of the following type: (tick one box only)  National Youth Meeting  Trans-national Youth Seminar Please specify the main target (only for National Youth Meeting):  debating relevant topics to the Structured Dialogue or EU policies  preparing the official youth Presidency event  organising activities linked to the European Youth Week  enhancing dialogue and cooperation between formal and non-formal education areas Relevance to the general objectives of the Youth in Action Programme Please tick relevant box(es). The project:  promotes young people’s active citizenship in general and their European citizenship in particular;  develops solidarity and promotes tolerance among young people, in particular in order to foster social cohesion in the European Union;  fosters mutual understanding between young people in different countries;  contributes to developing the quality of support systems for youth activities and the capabilities of civil society organisations in the youth field;  promotes European cooperation in the youth field. Relevance to the priorities of the Youth in Action Programme Please tick relevant box(es). Permanent thematic priorities  European Citizenship  Participation of young

British Identity: A Shared Culture

British Identity: A Shared Culture The concept of identity has both personal and social perspectives but, irrespective of focus, each is concerned with categorisation and assumptions of similarity and difference. Social identity relates to the links that exist between people and places, the ideas and practices that align individuals to one social group as opposed to another and the feeling of acceptance and belonging which comes from such allegiance. Great Britain consists of a group of individual countries: England, Wales and Scotland, each of which joined the union at different points in a turbulent history. Northern Ireland, whilst part of the United Kingdom, is not part of Great Britain despite its population being included in the British political process. In spite of these confusing, apparently all-encompassing titles, each individual nation retains a separate identity in addition to the collective ones conferred by the UK and GB acronyms. Historically, English dominance of the union has been a source of contention and in recent years the individual identities of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have become more officially recognised by the adoption of a partially devolved political process for the former two and a power sharing agreement with the Irish Republic for the latter. The merits or shortcomings of devolution fall outside the scope of this essay, nevertheless, it could be argued that at a time when the very notion of Britishness is up for debate, separating the union, even if only for political purposes, will do nothing to strengthen a collective sense of national identity if, in fact, one ever truly existed. Diversity amongst the individual nations of the United Kingdom is only one part of the story and despite being an island and thus having an easily recognisable border, the reach of Britain extends well beyond geographical limits. Great Britains empire building past has left a web of connections that span the world. The British Empire at its height covered a quarter of the globe, and whilst many former colonies, dependencies and protectorates have since regained independence, the history of a British presence in parts of South Asia, Africa and the Caribbean left a postcolonial legacy of citizenship rights which has contributed to the multi-cultural, multi-ethnic society that exists in Britain today. Whether because of commerce or conquest, as an escape from poverty or persecution, Britains population comprises a diverse collection of people, some of whom may have connections to and, therefore, identify with places other than the British Isles. Who we are and who others think we are has a lot to do with where we live and our origins, but it takes much more than territorial borders to define national identity. It is almost impossible to say exactly what British identity is or should be in the 21st century and as a result the very idea of Britishness has been the source of much anxiety, uncertainty and political debate in recent years (Clarke, 2009, P. 210). From politicians to social commentators, newspaper editors to academics, all have suggested ways in which the meaning of Britishness could be constructed and fixed. Amongst other things, Clarke suggests that British national identity may mean having a sense of place, a shared way of life, a common history and a recognised image of race or ethnicity (2009, p. 219), but in light of the diverse nature of Britains population some of his suggestions seem more plausible than others. A sense of place can only come from a feeling of acceptance and belonging, hard to achieve when even after three generations of British citizenship your community is still viewed with suspicion and resentment. The idea of a common history may not sit well with everyone, especially those whose ancestors were the subject of domination, oppression and exploitation. A recognised image of race or ethnicity implies a singular recognition, fine if your skin is the right colour, but at risk from discrimination if it is not, legislation can protect but it cannot change attitudes. Even though a shared way of life seems to be a reasonable suggestion, cultural differences make this eq ually difficult to imagine. Culture, according to Clarke, has at least two meanings (2009, p. 219). The first suggested interpretation is what he calls high culture; this includes art, literature, theatre and music. Writers such as Shakespeare, Austen and Dickens, artists such as Turner and Constable and composers such as Elgar all supposedly provide an apparently shared set of reference points with which all British people can identify (2009, p. 221). However, Clarke also notes that the stressed importance of English names in the list of preferred cultural icons excludes not only those members of British society whose origins, whether real or imagined, lie outside its geographical limits, but those from other parts of the UK too. Raymond Williams (1958, cited in Clarke, 2009, p. 219) calls this a selective tradition. Therefore, to suggest the use of British high culture as a unifying tool is to exclude a large section of society to whom it is probably irrelevant and perhaps even unintelligible. Clarkes suggestion of a shared way of life also falls under the cultural banner. Normal everyday practices of living such as dress, food, customs and religious observance are all important in defining the meaning of culture. Common forms of behaviour, values, morals and ethics are important in a shared way of life but immediately this highlights some problems. Religious and cultural differences, for example, may make behaviour considered acceptable to people in one community completely unacceptable to those of another. Not all diversity is necessarily ethnic or religious, however, and age, gender, social background and political differences can all divide as well as unite. Having established the difficulty in accepting shared culture as a means of defining British identity, the idea of shared values has been suggested by both David Blunkett and Trevor Phillips. Mr. Blunkett, former UK Home Secretary, suggested that Britishness is defined à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ through our shared values, our history of tolerance, of openness (2005, cited in Clarke, 2009, P. 221). Trevor Phillips, former Chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality, also suggested that Britishness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ lies in a way of living à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In a diverse society, the shared values are the fundamental glue that holds us together; and the way we behave towards each other is the outward manifestation of our values. (2007, cited in Clarke, 2009, PP. 222-223). Both these statements, whilst obviously well meant, do not stand up to scrutiny. To suggest that the British people are tolerant and open is to deny history. Perhaps Blunkett and Phillips are simply stating how they would like peo ple to think and act, in which case their argument will likely fall on many deaf ears! For Blunkett and Phillips diversity is a positive thing, something to embrace and celebrate. They suggest that only through tolerance and openness to diversity can Britain gain a unifying sense of identity. Their views have been contested, however, and statements denouncing the acceptance and encouragement of diversity have been equally prominent. David Goodhart, a magazine editor, has suggested that increasing diversity in Britain has caused us to become a nation of strangers. He also suggests, As Britain becomes more diverse that common culture is being eroded (2004, cited in Clarke, 2009, pp225-226). Whatever common culture he happens to be referring to; he suggests that its loss is leading to a lack of solidarity and social cohesion. His opinion, unlike that of Blunkett and Phillips, however, does not carry the weight of authority since it is a personal opinion expressed in a magazine article. In complete contrast to Goodhart, Bhikhu Parekh, in a report for the Runnymeade Trust, suggests that diversity and collective national identity need not be mutually exclusive. Whilst acknowledging the risk of social fragmentation and racism, Parekh suggests that if all members of society feel equally valued, have access to equal opportunities, lead fulfilling lives and shoulder the burden of societal responsibility that it may be possible to develop a shared identity and common sense of belonging (2000, cited in Clarke, 2009, pp. 226-227). In a diverse society, therefore, the concept of national identity should be all-inclusive; clearly, this cannot depend on a shared culture. Moreover, simply telling people how to think or behave will not change attitudes nor make them feel united. Ultimately, perhaps economic and social equality will lead to a unified purpose and sense of collective identity or perhaps not, this is clearly a complex question without a single answer. (1500 words) Life stage analysis: Maturity – Old Age Life stage analysis: Maturity – Old Age In 2005, an estimated one in six individuals was over the age of 65, representing 16 percent of the UK population[1]. The National Statistics Office reports that the largest population increase was evidenced in the 85+ age group, growing by more than 64,000 (6 per cent) in 2005, totalling 1.2 million individuals[2]. Many factors are responsible for this the growth rate in the over 65, primarily in the later older adult stage of 85+, as healthcare and technology are improving and leading to increased survival rates, coupled by the post World War One baby boomers reaching their later adult years[3]. Increasingly, nursing and other professional groups are utilizing Enquiry Based Learning (EBL) that uses situations from real life to analyse issues while learning from a nursing perspective with an emphasis on refining capabilities in actual nursing practice[4]. Researchers emphasize the open-ended questioning used for complex problems or scenarios that allow the nurse to seek out new evidence[5]. Using an Enquiry Based Learning scenario, this paper will present the case of special needs family and with an emphasis on life stage analysis of the elderly. Following a brief case presentation, this paper will define the maturity-old age life stage, describing various factors specific to maturity that influence the person’s biological, psychological and social perspectives. Personal and practical nursing experience with mature/older patients is presented followed by what has been learned from the research on how to effectively provide nursing care in terms of knowledge, skills and attitudes to older individuals. Case presentation This is the case of a nuclear family. Mr. and Mrs. Smythe’s are adults with two children, a daughter E. who is 14 years old and pregnant and a son who is 4 years old afflicted with Downs Syndrome and suffers with intermittent breathing problems due to the Down’s syndrome. Both children live at home with their parents. Mrs. And Mrs. Smythe are reasonably healthy with no chronic health concerns at this time. Mr. Smythe works full time in a position outside of the home. Mrs. Smythe is a full-time homemaker. Mr. Smythe’s two parents are both alive at 82 years of age and living together in their own dwelling. Both parents are reasonably healthy for their age with no chronic health problems identified at this time. Mrs. Smythe’s father, Mr. Jones, is 86 and a recent widower (of three months). Following the death of her mother, Mrs. Smythe invited her father to live with her family. Mr. Jones is in fair health, although he is depressed and having difficulty adjusting to the new environment at his daughter’s home, the issues with her children and the loss of his wife all occurring within a short time. Assessment Life stage identification This paper will focus on the three individuals in Erikson’s Maturity stage of life, aged 65 to death[6]. This life stage is marked by the psychosocial integrity vs. despair conflict, such that individuals are reflecting back on their lives and either accepts the thought of their death with a sense of accomplishment and fulfilment or a feeling of despair and regret[7]. Smith[8] identifies the 65+ age group as belonging in Levinson’s late adulthood developmental stage. Factors specific to maturity – Physiological/biological As individual ages, many physiological changes take place in virtually all physiological systems, ranging from the endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, skin, hair and nails and nervous system[9]. Globally, there is a reduction in cells and cellular metabolism, as the body gradually becomes less efficient[10]. Skin looses subcutaneous fat, things and there is a reduction of collagen and elastin combined with a 50 percent reduction in cell replacement[11]. Respiratory muscles degenerate and respiratory capacity decreases, alveoli decline in size and the lungs become more rigid as the individual ages.[12] The heart reduces in size and contractile strength and cardiac efficiency is reduced by as much as 30 – 35 percent[13]. There is a general decrease in height, bone mass, muscle mass and collagen with less joint elasticity[14]. Sleep patterns are altered, with regular wakeful periods during the night[15]. The aging body does not readily distinguish between host cells and infection along with a reduced ability to absorb vitamin B12, decreasing hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. Of particular importance is the reduced drug clearance by approximately 50 percent, often leading to increased risk of drug interactions among elderly individuals who are frequently on more than one pharmaceutical agent[16]. Factors specific to maturity – Psychological and Sociological The death of a spouse is the leading cause of disruptive life-event stress and conflict[17] affecting the way an individual understands themselves and their role in society and the family. Rokach and Brock found that loneliness has a strong correlation with self-esteem in the elderly[18]. Marital status and the death of a spouse contribute to feelings of isolation and loneliness in the elderly, creating a sense of stigma in the individual, causing emotional distress, feelings of rejection and isolation, especially when care is taken over by others such with the death of a spouse[19]. In particular, men have a difficult time with their own emotions, perceiving their social needs for companionship rather than isolation as a sign of weakness[20]. When older individuals are also faced with a reduction in income and job status, the older individual reportedly has a greater propensity towards solitude, isolation and loneliness[21]. Warner[22] found that those elderly adults who maintained their own independence had less of a need for dependent behaviour because of social cues, whereas those who were dependent, such as Mrs. Smythe’s father, Mr. Jones, reacted with a greater sense of learned dependency and associated social contact seeking behaviours. Practical nursing experience that provides a basis for nursing intervention in this case With the knowledge provided by two factors: research and LEIPAD[23], the three elderly individuals were administered the LEIPAD multidimensional assessment to gain a baseline for intervention[24]. LEIPAD is believed to be a stronger single assessment tool than using a combination of The SF-36, Barthel Index of activities of daily living and the Abbreviated Mental test, even though the Barthel Index is recommended by both the Royal College of Physicians of London and the British Geriatrics Society[25]. Mr. Jones requires the greatest intervention due to losses of his wife, independence and immediate social circle. Additionally, Mr. Jones has daily coping issues with his grandchildren. To date, practical nursing experience has primarily focused on education related to chronic diseases and disease prevention with elderly patients. Inconsistency is noted when relating to patients and relating to older members of one’s family, where greater emphasis is placed on psychological and social wellbeing. What has been learned from using the EBL approach to this case? In addition to the amount of research one can use to prepare and expand one’s horizons with an EBL approach, such as using the LEIPAD assessment rather than the Barthel Index, is the use of open-ended questions that solicit a wealth of information. Most practitioners like to keep answers to questions short or they will cut patients off in mid-sentence. Open-ended questions allow for further probing by active listening and a participatory manner. References Austin, Shari. Oral Health and Older Adults. Journal of Dental Hygiene, 2003. De Leo, Diego, Diekstra, Rene, Lonnqvist, Jouko , Trabucchi, Marco, Cleiren, Marc, Frisoni, Giovanni B., Dello Buono, Marirosa, Haltunen, Aro, Zucchetto, Mauro, Rozzini, Renzo, Grigoletto, Francesco, Sampaio-Faria, Jose. LIEPAD, An Internationally Applicable Instrument to Assess Quality of Life in the Elderly. Behavioral Medicine, 1998. Ginsberg, Gary, Hattis, Dale, Russ, Abel Sonawane, Babasaheb. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Factors that can Affect Sensitivity to Neurotoxic Sequelae in Elderly Individuals. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005. Hutchins, Bill. Principles of Enquiry-Based Learning, Centre for Excellence in Enquiry-Based Learning Resources – University of Manchester, 2006. Kahn, Peter O’Rourke, Karen. Understanding Enquiry-Based Learning. In Barrett, T., McLabhrainn, I. Fallon, H. eds. Handbook of Enquiry Problem Based Learning, Galway: CELT, 2005. Lyons, Ronald Al., Crone, Peter, Monaghan, Stephen, Killalea, Dan Daley, John A. Health Status and Disability Among Elderly People in Three UK Districts. Age and Ageing, 1997. Office for National Statistics; General Register Office for Scotland and Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Population Estimates. 2006 [Online]. Available from: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=6 (cited 1 May 2007). Price, Robert. Enquiry-Based Learning: An Introductory Guide. Nursing Standards, 2001. Rokach, Ami Brock, Heather. Loneliness and the Effects of Life Changes. The Journal of Psychology, 1997. Smith, Mark K. Life Span Development and Lifelong Learning. [Online]. Infed. Available from: http://www.infed.org/biblio/lifecourse_development.htm (cited 1 May 2007). Tosey, Paul McDonnell, Juliet, Mapping Enquiry Based Learning: Discourse, Fractals and a Bowl of Cherries. 2006. [Online]. Available from: http://www.com.survey.ac.uk/learningtolearn (cited 30 April 2007). Warner, Dorothy Ann. Empowering the Older Adult through Folklore. Adultspan Journal, 2006. Winters, Angela. Erikson’s Theory of Human Development. [Online]. Ezine Articles. Available from: http://ezinearticles.com/?Ericksons-Theory-of-Human-Developmentid=20117 (cited 1 May 2007). Footnotes [1] Office for National Statistics; General Register Office for Scotland and Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 2006. [2] Office for National Statistics, 2006. [3] Office for National Statistics, 2006. [4] R. Price, Enquiry-Based Learning: An Introductory Guide, Nursing Standards, 2001) 18. [5] B. Hutchings, Principles of Enquiry Based Learning, Centre for Excellence in Enquiry-Based Learning, University of Manchester, 2006 and Kahn O’Rourke, 2005. [6] A. Winters, Erikson’s Theory of Human Development. Ezine articles, 2007. [7] Winters, 2007. [8] M. Smith, Life Span Development and Lifelong Learning, 2005. [9] S. Austin, Oral Health and Older Adults, Journal of Dental Hygiene, 2003) 129. [10] Austin, 2003) 129. [11] Austin, 2003) 129. [12] Austin, 2003) 129. [13] Austin, 2003) 129. [14] Austin, 2003) 130. [15] Austin, 2003) 130. [16] G. Ginsberg et al., Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Factors that can Affect Sensitivity to Neurotoxic Sequelae in Elderly Individuals, Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005) 1249, [17] Tennant and Pogson, 1995 as cited by Smith, 2005. [18] A. Rokach H. Brock, Loneliness and the Effects of Life Change, The Journal of Psychology, 1997) 285. [19] Rokach Brock, 1997) 289. [20] Rokach Brock, 1997) 290. [21] Rokack Brock, 1997) 296. [22] D. A. Warner, Empowering the Older Adult through Folklore, Adultspan Journal, 2006. [23] D. DeLeo et al., LEIPAD, An Internationally Applicable Instrument to Assess Quality of Life in the Elderly, Behavioral Medicine, 1999) 27. The LEIPAD assessment was determined to assess physical, mental, social and occupational status, including self-assessments of health status and perceptions, inclusive of pain, self-esteem, self-confidence, levels of optimism, anxiety and depression, including feelings about friendship, happiness, loneliness, isolation and solitude. [24] DeLeo et al., 1999) 19. [25] R. A. Lyons, et al., Health Status and Disability Among Elderly People in Three UK Districts, Age and Ageing, 1997) 204. Gender issues: Who is the better teacher? Gender issues: Who is the better teacher? Gender has long been the issue in classroom for over decades. The question of who is a better teacher male of female has always been debated for years. Although this issue has dissipates following the issue of sexism and gender equity, it still knocks on the door of every classroom. Does a teachers gender affect student performance in the classroom? Does student performance increases when taught by teacher of the same sex, or is it the opposite? Many researches have been done in trying to answer these questions, but no definite conclusion has been made. Most of the researchers are still trying to figure out what actually constitutes to the students achievement in relation to teachers gender. There are two views when it comes to the influence of teachers gender effect in classroom, one accepts it and another one denies it. The first one says when students are taught by the teacher of the same sex as the students, the students achievement will increase. Some researchers are saying that students will perform better when taught by the same gender, as they feel more engaged and are able to identify themselves with the teacher because of the same gender factor. Gender role model, stereotypes, expectations, and teaching styles are some of the variables that are brought up when it comes to same-gender factor. Still, there are people who believe that teachers gender effect does not have any influence in students academic achievements. They believed that there is no ample evidence to support such notion, and even if there was, it was not sufficient and significant enough to be accepted as a sole reason for such occurrence. Although many researches had been made, there are still loopholes that need to be filled and studied. Inconsistent findings and conclusions given by previous researchers is one reason why further studies are needed. Some shortcomings and limitation from previous research are also need to be rectified. There are several elements that indirectly influence the teachers gender effect in classroom. Factors such as students perception towards teachers performance and effectiveness in class, and teachers level of interaction are some that will be touched in the article review. All of these elements will be reviewed in terms of gender differences. Because the literature on teachers gender issues is so broad, this review of literature begins by examining theories of gender role development and social learning theories. Next, gender role expectations and the stereotypical male and female student will be examined. This information will then be brought together with research specific to the classroom experience involving student and teacher interactions and research specific to teacher training. 2.1 TEACHING EFFECTIVENESS Effective teachers are those who achieve the goals which they set for themselves or which they have set for them by others (e.g ministries of education, legislators and other government officials, school administrators). As a consequence, those who study and attempt to improve teachers effectiveness must be cognizant of the goals imposed on teachers or the goals that teachers establish for themselves, or both. According to Kemp and Hall (1992), the major research finding is that student achievement is related to teacher competence in teaching. Differential teacher effectiveness is a strong determinant of differences in student learning, far outweighing the effects of differences in class size and class heterogeneity (Darling-Hammond, 2000) According to Sanders and Rivers (1996), students who are assigned to one ineffective teacher after another have significantly lower achievement and learning (that is, gains in achievement) than those who are assigned to a sequence of several highly effective teachers. It is important to note however, that the influence of teacher characteristics on teacher effectiveness is not direct; rather it is moderated or mediated by their effect on the way in which teachers organize their classrooms and operate within them. In Blooms (1972) terns, what teachers are influences what teachers do; what teachers do, in turn, influences what and how much students learn. When asked about their most effective teachers, boys and girls were able to identify a solid list of key characteristics reflected in educational research (Hill Rowe, 1996; Martin, 2002). In Ashley Lee (2003) boys tended consistently to identify the following factors as critical in the kinds of teacher they work well for and respect: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Firm, but fair: able to control the class well to inject humour but regain attention quickly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Good subject knowledge and enthusiasm for the subject à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The ability to explain things clearly and with patience Fazio and Roskes (1994), said, attitudes are important to educational psychology because they strongly influence social thought, the way an individual thinks about and process social information. According to Eggen and Kauchak (2001), positive teachers attitudes are fundamental to effective teaching. A teacher must be interesting. Eggen and Kauchak (2001) identified a number of teachers attitudes that will facilitate a caring and supportive classroom environment. They are: enthusiasm, caring, firm, democratic practices to promote students responsibility, use time for lesson effectively, have established efficient routines, and interact freely with students and providing motivation for them. According to Shulman (1987), poor communication can make learning even the most simple and straightforward subject-matter far more difficult. Research findings on teachers attitudes (Brunning et al., 1999), established the following facts: Teachers characteristics such as personal teaching efficacy, modeling and enthusiasm, caring and high expectation promote learners motivation. Male teachers tend to be more authoritative and instrumental whereas female teachers tend to be more supportive and expressive (Meece, 1987; Freeman McElhinny, 1996). Teachers variable are also noted to have effect on students academic performances. These includes, teachers knowledge of subject matter, teaching skills, attitude in the classroom, teachers, qualification and teaching experience. Ehindero and Ajibade (2000) asserted that, students, who are curious stakeholders in educational enterprise, have long suspected and speculated that some of their teachers lack the necessary professional (not academic) qualification (that is, skills, techniques, strategies, temperament et cetera) required to communicate concepts, ideas principles et cetera in a way that would facilitate effective learning. According to Kelley Massoni (2004), students expect male teachers as being more knowledgeable than women, and are assumed to be more objective. 2.2 STUDENTS EXPECTATION Sociologist Robert K. Merton (1948) first coined the term self-fulfilling prophecy. As part of his explanation of the SFP, Merton drew upon the idea: If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences (Thomas, 1928, p. 257). Then, if students really think about their teachers, somehow it will materialized in both of the teacher and students teaching and learning process. SFP research (Good, 1987) explains that teachers form expectations of and assign labels to people based upon such characteristics as body build, gender, race, ethnicity, given name and/or surname, attractiveness, dialect, and socioeconomic level, among others. Once we label a person, it affects how we act and react toward that person. With labels, we dont have to get to know the person. We can just assume what the person is like (Oakes, 1996, p. 11). Although self-fulfilling prophecy usually works based on teachers expectation, students also form their own expectation, and could also have their own self-fulfilling prophecy, working both ways, onto them, and also towards the teachers teaching process. The self-fulfilling prophecy works two ways. Not only do teachers form expectations of students, but students form expectations of teachers using the same characteristics described above (Hunsberger Cavanagh, 1988). 2.3 EVALUATION OF TEACHER Many studies reveal that students tend to rate female faculty members differently than male faculty members (Whitworth, Price Randall. 2002; Basow Silberg, 1987; Goodwin Stevens, 1993; Tartro, 1995). Students may hold biased perceptions of the differences between men and women faculty (Andersen Miller, 1997; Burns-Glover Veith, 1995). It is also possible, however, that students are accurately assessing the difference between teaching styles that is attributable to the gender of the faculty member (Centra Gaubatz, 2000). According to Kelley Massoni (2004), the impact of gender in teaching evaluations often is related to students differing gendered expectations of their women and men teachers. A study by Basow (1995) revealed that students perceived female instructors to be more sensitive and considerate of student ideas whereas male instructors were believed to be more knowledgeable. If students are, even in part, picking up on real differences, understanding the effect of gender on teaching styles is important. 2.4 PERCEPTION Perception may be defined from physical, psychological and physiological perspectives. But for the purpose of this study, it shall be limited to its scope as postulated by Allport (1966), which is the way we judge or evaluate others. That is the way individuals evaluate people with whom they are familiar in everyday life. Eggen and Kauchak (2001) gave cognitive dimension of perception; they see perception as the process by which people attach meaning to experiences. 2.5 GENDER BIAS Teachers are more likely to offer praise and remediation in response to comments by boys but mere acknowledgement in response to comments by girls (AAUW 1992, Sadker and Sadker 1994, Saltzman 1994, Kleinfeld 1998, Lewin 1998, and Sommers 2000). The only significant interaction that emerged was that girls reported a better relationship with female teachers than with male teachers, while boys reported fairly similar relationships (TES, 2005). According to Holmlund and Sund (2005), teachers are the role models for the students. If students identify themselves more with same-sex role models, it is possible that performance will be enhanced when students have a teacher of their own gender. Florian (2008) suggests that there is rich evidence within the psychology literature that girls and boys respond differently to mothers and fathers [e.g. Brown, 1990, Brown et al., 1986], and pick different celebrities and athletes to emulate. Male and female teachers are also potential role models. Harris and Barnes (2009) found that four-year-old boys preferred males to form a relationship and saw the male teacher as the person to be involved in sports and physical games. Teachers gender influences how that teacher interacts and communicates with his or her students (Constantinou, 2008). As Hurt, Scott and McCroskey (1978) have stated it, there is a difference between knowing and teaching, and that difference is communication in the classroom (p. 3). According to Dee (2006), assignment to a same-gender teacher significantly improves the achievement of both girls and boys as well as teacher perceptions of student performance and student engagement with the teachers subject. He also found that, having a teacher of the same sex increased a students score on standardized tests significantly while having a teacher of the opposite sex decreased scores. But Florian (2008) finds that male students performing worse with female instructor, while female performance appear unaffected. According to Dee (2006), in a class taught by a man, girls were more likely to say the subject was not useful for their future and they were less likely to look forward to the class or to ask questions. 2.6 CONCLUSION Teachers may react in a different way depending on the gender of a student, or students may react in a different way depending on the gender of a teacher. Firstly, teachers discriminate, and display bias with respect to how they engage or assess boys and girls in the classroom. The mode teachers behave interacting with boys or girls may rely on whether teachers themselves are male or female. These effects may be conscious or unconscious. Secondly, students may see teachers more as role models if they are of the same sex, and show greater intellectual engagement, manner, and interest. Students may also react to teachers through negative stereotype for example, when female students are reminded about a belief they are not supposed to be good at math when being taught by a male teacher. Another probability is that male and female students respond differently to male and female teaching styles. It is important for teacher to know what he/she is expected from the students. Fulfilling the expectation can make learning process easier for the students and make them more motivated.